Project Report on Hero Honda - 5330 Words

A PROJECT REPORT ON SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AT CUSTOMER SATISFICATION [pic] HONDA ACTIVA SUBMITTED TO:- Prof. Rajesh Mehrotra (Director) School of Business and Management SUBMITTED BY:- ADITI GOYAL M.B.A. IV.B PREFACE I have to undergo analysis project for a particular organization in marketing research project as on subject. After doing a lot of brainstorming we chose Honda as our organization and studied it under the title of â€Å"Customer Satisfaction† of Honda. I have taking theoretical knowledge from the business school but I also required practical knowledge for getting good†¦show more content†¦It was the fourth Honda automotive venture in India. Its symbol, the Wings, represents the companys unwavering dedication in achieving goals that are unique and above all, conforming to international norms. These wings are now in India as Honda Motorcycle Scooter India Pvt. Ltd. (HMSI), a wholly owned subsidiary of Honda Motor Company Ltd., Japan. These wings are here to initiate a change and make a difference in the Indian 2-wheeler industry. Hondas dream for India is to not only manufacture 2-wheelers of global quality, but also meet and exceed the expectations of Indian customers with outstanding after sales support. |†¢ Official Name |Honda Motorcycle Scooter India Pvt. Ltd. | |†¢ Established |20th Aug, 1999 | |†¢ Place |Manesar, District Gurgaon, Haryana, India | |†¢ Investment |Rs. 300 Crore | |†¢ Representative |Mr. Shinji Aoyama, President CEO | |†¢ Factory Location |Manesar, District Gurgaon, Haryana, India | |†¢ Production Capacity |10,000,00 Units per Year | The Factory The HMSI factory is spread over 52 acres, with a covered area of about 85,815 square metres at Manesar, Gurgaon district ofShow MoreRelatedHero Honda Project Report9102 Words   |  37 PagesA PROJECT REPORT ON Marketing Strategies of HONDA Products Services SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTEDBY: Table of Contents ââ€" ª Executive Summary ââ€" ª Company Profile ââ€" ª Organizations Philosophy ââ€" ª Objective ââ€" ª Research Methodology ââ€" ª Products Services ââ€" ª Analysis ââ€" ª Training Development for better Performance ââ€" ª Limitations ââ€" ª Recommendations ââ€" ª Conclusions ââ€" ª Bibliography ââ€" ª Annexure ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I feel great pleasure to submit this reportRead MoreProject Report of Research Methodology on Comparative Study of Bajaj V/S Hero Honda4468 Words   |  18 PagesPROJECT REPORT OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ON COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BAJAJ V/S HERO HONDA SUBMITED TO SUBMITED BY Prof. Neha bansal Vishal jaggi Roll No.820375073 MBA 4th Semester 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Vishal jaggi has completed his project report title â€Å"Comparative Study of Bajaj V/S Hero Honda† under my supervision. 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After the split Munjal family will buy Honda Motor’sRead MoreA Study on Two Wheeler Customers Purchasing Pattern5753 Words   |  24 PagesPURCHASING PATTERN IN RELIANCE HERO MOTOR COMPANY PVT LTD A SUMMER PROJECT REPORT Submitted by in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES SAVEETHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600025 AUGUST 2012 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report titled â€Å"A STUDY ON â€Å"PURCHASINGRead MoreA Study on Two Wheeler Customer’s Purchasing Pattern5745 Words   |  23 PagesWHEELER CUSTOMER’S PURCHASING PATTERN IN RELIANCE HERO MOTOR COMPANY PVT LTD A SUMMER PROJECT REPORT Submitted by in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES SAVEETHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI 600025 AUGUST 2012 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report titled â€Å"A STUDY ON â€Å"PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR PATTERNRead MoreBajaj Pulsar Marketing Project9282 Words   |  38 PagesPROJECT REPORT ON MARKET STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON BAJAJ MOTORS - MODEL PULSAR - Submitted By PGCBM 22 - Group 63 Aashish Bansal Joseph George Phani Krishna Tanguturi Venkata Pradeep Table of Contents PROJECT REPORT ON MARKET STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON BAJAJ MOTORS - MODEL PULSAR 1 PHOENIX OF THE BAJAJ’S 4 History of Bajaj 4 Bajaj’s Experiment with Motor-Cycles 5 Pulsar’s Saga 6 Conceptualization of PulsarRead MoreAbout India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.9142 Words   |  37 Pagescustomer. If youre not used to this sort of thing it can be a pretty nerve-wracking experience. Rest assured, though, it does get easier over time. Its important to meet your customers face to face at least once or even twice during the course of a project. 2. Respond to Messages Promptly Keep Your Clients Informed This goes without saying really. We all know how annoying it is to wait days for a response to an email or phone call. It might not always be practical to deal with all customers queriesRead MoreRisk and Return Analyis and Portfolio Management of Indian Automobile Companies6774 Words   |  28 PagesPSG INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL SYSTEMS A PROJECT REPORT On RISK AND RETURN ANALYSIS PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT Of INDIAN AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES Submitted by, G.Abirami(9UTB02) M.Kamalam(9UTB13) N.Nirupa(9UTB18) P.Srilakshmi(9UTB32) INDEX CONTENTS PAGE NO. Acknowledgement Statement of Problem Introduction: Industry overview Company profiles Objectives Scope Limitations Literature Review Research Methodology Analysis Interpretation Findings Suggestions ConclusionRead MoreLetter Of Transmittal: Teacher,Analysis Of Pakistani Industry4727 Words   |  19 Pages Teacher, Analysis of Pakistani Industry Bahria University Karachi. Sir: We herewith present our â€Å"Term Report† authorized by you as a requirement for this course. In this report, we have tried to provide updated information and SWOT analysis of Automobile Industry. We hope we have covered all that was required for the report. If there be any clarification demanded, we would appreciate a call from you to our group members. Sincerely, Bilal Razzak MaazRead MoreManaging Service Delivery : Individual Report Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pages MANAGING SERVICE DELIVERY INDIVIDUAL REPORT Due Date: 26 June 2015 Joahnna Esguerra Lecturer Mujalni C. Karay Jr. 1. SERVICE QUALITY: It is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. (American Society) It is the ability of a product or service to consistently meet or exceed customer expectations. Service quality is the relation of customer’s expectation with company’s performance. A company

The Influence Of Foreign Oppression - 1649 Words

The Influence of Foreign Oppression During the 13th century, tragedy struck the Chinese people as thousands suffered and died due to the harsh tyranny of their invader. The Mongols, the nomadic people of Northern Asia, invaded China in a series of attacks centered on overthrowing Chinese dynasty. Thousands of innocent Chinese lives, including women and children, died at the feet of the Mongols. During the Mongol Conquest of China, the Chinese inhabitants were greatly persecuted and suffered inhuman treatment of psychological and physical abuse similar to that of Middle Eastern Refugees escaping the cruel tyranny of terroristic groups. Along the northern border connecting Mongolia and China, small series of terrestrial raids on the†¦show more content†¦One person in particular was especially flustered by this Chinese epidemic and sought to oppress the Chinese people. Genghis Khan, a strategic war general and merciless killer, who helped overthrow the Jin Dynasty and conquer a ll of China with an army encompassing only a few thousand men, led the Mongols. The expansion of the Mongol Empire grew to such an extent that it holds the record for the largest empire to ever exist. The Mongols sought colonization and supreme control over the Chinese people. Throughout this period, warriors and noblemen strived to achieve greatness through conquest and superiority over their rivals. The oppression bestowed on the Chinese began out of necessity based on the Mongolian warrior type culture. The Mongol people perceived their value based on their victorious efforts on the battlefield. The Chinese’s infrastructure crumbled and fear reeked in the hearts of the Chinese people. Genghis Khan help find the Yuan Dynasty which prospered under the rule of Kublai Khan. If the Chinese people did not relinquish their Chinese nobility and succumb to Mongol rule, they would be killed. Genghis Khan and the Mongols’ rule were ruthless and cruel and the Chinese people wer e forced to capitulate to their superiors. â€Å"The Yuan Dynasty was eventually destroyed by the peasants uprising. In 1351, the Hongjinjun (army with red head-scarves) Uprising , led by a man named Liu Futong, broke out in Yingzhou (in current AnhuiShow MoreRelatedMexicos Changing Society820 Words   |  4 Pagesthat bore the â€Å"Mexican revolution in 1910.†[2] The modernization of Mexico brought oppression to Mexico’s poor and riches to the Elite class. Diaz looked to the U.S. as a template of what he wanted to create for Mexico. What set Mexico and the U.S. apart was the Diaz tried to modernize Mexico without all of its citizens having the same objective. Diaz’s first action was to open up the country to foreign investment to develop Mexico’s vast resources, from the U.S. and other European countriesRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald734 Words   |  3 Pagespassing of time we proved our worth and became kappa leaders. Our battle to become a national power representing the Greek life was hard fought, from our battles with our Greek brothers in the South, to the battles with our rivals across the sea. Oppression is the hazing process needed to become an American. American society has you all fooled! They preach words of freedom and opportunity, while little did you know the whole system is rigged. Opportunity does not open its doors to the immigrant fromRead MoreEuropean Imperialism Created a Rift with the World886 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean Imperialism created a rift within the world. European powers saw the use of Imperialism, as well justified and a mean of spreading their influence and securing their strength. However the nations which found themselves under rule of an imperialistic power did not share the Europeans view on the favors they were giving. European nations saw themselves fit to divide the uncivilized world, almost in a pie like manner, to be placed under their reign. With this came many mistreatments of indigenousRead MoreAp Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesand â€Å"The Word and the Silence† Thomas Paine and Subcomandante Marcos formulated arguments based on the struggle between oppressive regimes and the commoners suffering it. Their purpose was to influence a justification to revolt in the common people as well as to establish how they needed to fight the oppression. The rhetorical devices used by Thomas Paine and Marcos can be compared in the sense that they both display anaphora, loaded language, and a credibility ethos to create an emotional, and inspiringRead MoreAnti Federalists And The Revolutionary War934 Words   |  4 Pagesstill needed protection from other hostile countries. Besides protecting the country from foreign enemies, the Anti-Federalists wanted to protect the American people from its own government. In fact, the â€Å"Anti-Federalists were especially concerned with preserving for ordinary citizens the ability to participate in government† (Amar). After all, the Revolutionary War was fought in order to gain freedom from oppression. However, by giving all of the power to the states, the nation would be divided. A nationRead MoreImpact Of Westward Expansion1031 Wor ds   |  5 PagesStates. Reconstruction had ended and Westward Expansion was on the rise. People from all over the U.S. were moving west and claiming land and many groups from across the world made their way to the United States to find new opportunity and to escape oppression. This led to a huge growth in diversity in the United State and helped make a major impact on what we consider to be the modern united states. Everything from the economy to social groups were affected by this and this led to some interesting outcomesRead MoreCommon Sense: An Influence on American Independence Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would influence you to fight for American Independence? Would your familys’ views, your friend’s views, or the views of a political pamphlet influence you? In the beginning of the American Revolution, a man by the name of Thomas Paine wrote a political pamphlet that would influence many Americans to fight for independence from Britain. Thomas Pain us ed several ideas that include government is a necessary evil, America will eventually be independent, Britain will always oppress the AmericanRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine and Iron Curtain Speech802 Words   |  3 Pagesdelivered his â€Å"Sinews of Peace† address to support the push for freedom, liberty, and the rejection of communist oppression. Churchill denounced the â€Å"Iron Curtain† separating the prosperous and free West, from the oppressed puppet countries of the East. Churchill states that the countries on the Eastern side of the Iron Curtain are â€Å"all subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and †¦ increasing measure of control from Moscow.† Everything declared by Truman and ChurchillRead MoreThe Western Forecast Of The Post World War1408 Words   |  6 Pagesthinkers drew from western ideologies to fight western imperialism, (ironic in a sense) and their ultimately written works left an enormous imp act on post-World War I attitudes toward western imperialism. Mao Tse-tung blames imperialists for the rising oppression of the proletariat, and his argument appears to come from Karl Marx. Put simply, private property is personal possession, but to Marx, private property means a lot more. In his Communist Manifesto, Marx says that private property is â€Å"the fruit ofRead MoreIndia s Break From The British Raj1652 Words   |  7 Pagesknew almost nothing about. I’ve always been intrigued by India with its beautiful land and culture, but in my years of school I have never learned too much about it and had always wondered why there was such a heavy British influence there. Little did I know, this English influence began long before I imagined and will mostly likely continue to exist for quite some time. Furthermore, I have chosen to research and write about India’s break from the British Raj (rule) of almost 100 years of imperialism

Molecule Atom Composed of Nuclei and Electron

Question: Write an essay on molecule. Answer: Every molecule is made up of atoms which are in turn composed of nuclei and electrons. When the behavior of nuclei and electrons were first being studied by the scientists the experimental findings were being tried to be interpreted in terms of Newtonian motions which eventually was unsuccessful. It was discovered that small particles of light do not behave in accordance to the Newtonian motions (Baker, 2014). It was observed that electrons as well as other small particles of light exhibit wave-like characteristics. After putting a lot of effort, a new theory was devised in 1924 which came to be known as quantum mechanics and currently is the fundamental framework for a pure understanding of sub-nuclear, nuclear and atomic physics along with condensed matter physics. The laws prior to the quantum mechanics are termed as classical mechanics. Even if the classical mechanics is considered to be an approximation to quantum mechanics, much of the framework of quantum theory has been inher ited from the classical theory itself (Ball, 2014). The emergence of quantum mechanics attempted to explain the phenomena stated below: The quantum state The idea that objects follow a trajectory path in 3D space should be abandoned especially for microscopic objects for 2 reasons; If a particle follows a trajectory, it should possess a particular momentum and position at every moment in time. Nonetheless, no experiment has been able to verify this theory. The assumption that electrons and photons move through a trajectory concludes something which cannot be in alignment with experiments (Bartels, 2011). In classical theory, the 1D motion is represented by considering a particle which moves to and fro in a thin closed pipe which has a length L. The objection which is raised to this representation is that when a set of N orthogonal vectors are introduced, along with it an N-dimensional space is introduced which is composed of the linear combinations of the mentioned vectors (Baar, 2010). The motion of electron can be viewed as: As suggested by Benioff, (2016) in a complex N-dimensional vector space unit vectors represent the physical state of an electron. In the space having N number of dimensions, the motion of the electron correlates with a trajectory which is along the surface of a unit sphere in the space. This signifies that the travel of electron can be smooth as well as continuous. In order to accomplish the new representation of motion, the limit 0 is required to be taken where the number of intervals sent is N . Thus, the physical states are considered to be the vectors of unit length where the dimensional vector is infinite and is termed as Hilbert Space. Hilbert space can be defined as the vector space has infinite dimensions of all functions that are square-integrable (Tsang, 2013). A set of generalized momentum and coordinates enumerates the physical state of a system in classical mechanics. Through time, a trajectory is traced by the physical state through the phase space. When a single particle has a 3 dimensional movement, the physical state is designated by {~x, p~} whereas the phase space is six dimensional. The trajectory in the 6D phase space is projected on the 3D subspace which is stretched through all the three axes (Hammerer, 2013). The physical state of a moving point-like particle in 1D, in quantum mechanics, is identified by a wavefunction (x,t) at every moment of time. At any given moment, the wavefunction is considered to be only a function of x and also as a vector in Hilbert space (Louko, 2011). Through time, the path is followed by the vector in Hilbert space. Therefore, if a rough analogy is made to the unit vectors motion in spaces that have finite dimensions, it can be imagined that a path is traced by the tip of the vector on the unit spheres surface given that the space is infinite- dimension in this case (Lu, 2011). Dynamics of quantum state A trajectory present in 3D is used to represent the classical motion of a particle whereas; a curve on the surface of a unit sphere represents the quantum mechanical motion of a particle, provided that the space is infinite-dimensional. The question that arises here is how two theories can be so different since the classical theory is regarded as an approximation of quantum theory. The answer to this would be that the physical state of the particle is inconsequential. The thing which matters is the observation of the position of the particle which is in approximation of the classical trajectory ("Non-hermitean quantum mechanics", 2011). Even if the quantum state of a particle is not in alignment with a particular point in 3d space, but a trajectory is traced by the expectation value of a position of the particle through ordinary space in time t given by x Z dx x (x,t)(x,t) The laws of motion x can be derived if the equation of motion for quantum state (x,t), is provided and also can be compared to the classical laws of motion x(t). The most probable possibility is that both of the sets might end up looking similar which is termed as Ehrenfests Principle. The Schrodinger wave equation The number of dimensions is reliant on the number of particles as well as the number of spatial dimensions that are required in order for the characterization of the motion and position of the particle. An electron is moving across a 2 dimensional space which has a mass m and charge, e which defines the x, y plane. It is assumed that a constant but not time varying potential is experienced by the electron at every point in the plane (Roser, 2016). The Schrodinger equation is given by ih (/t) = ( h2 2 / 2m x2) + V (x) But ultimately, instead of the Schrodinger equation, the boundary conditions are responsible for the determination of discretion or continuity of the eigenvalues. References Baker, M. (2014). Lectures on quantum mechanics.Quantum Inf Process,13(9), 2149-2151. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11128-014-0796-9 Ball, P. (2014). Thermodynamics Confronts Quantum Mechanics.Physics,7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physics.7.35 Bartels, L. (2011). Visualizing quantum mechanics.Physics,4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physics.4.64 Baar, E. (2010). From Quantum Mechanics to the Quantum Brain.Neuroquantology,8(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2010.8.3.333 Benioff, P. (2016). Effects of a scalar scaling field on quantum mechanics.Quantum Inf Process. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11128-016-1312-1 Hammerer, K. (2013). Quantum Mechanics Tackles Mechanics.Science,342(6159), 702-703. https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1245797 Louko, J. (2011). Advanced Mechanics and General Relativity.Class. Quantum Grav.,28(8), 089002. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/28/8/089002 Lu, J. (2011). Transformation of Quantum States in Quantum Computation.AMM,80-81, 276-278. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.276 Non-hermitean quantum mechanics. (2011).Int. J. Quantum Chem.,112(15), 2764-2765. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.23301 Roser, P. (2016). Quantum mechanics on York slices.Class. Quantum Grav.,33(6), 065001. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/33/6/065001 Tsang, M. (2013). Testing quantum mechanics: a statistical approach.Quantum Measurements And Quantum Metrology,1. https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/qmetro-2013-0007

Minority Studies African American Studies, 2016-2 Essays

Minority Studies: African American Studies, 2016-2017 ANNOUNCEMENTS Fourth Quarter: We have approximately seven weeks left of the school year. As the year winds down, continue to be aware of due dates and deadlines, review your absences through PowerSchool, and meet with me if you have any concerns regarding the rest of the semester. Please also remain informed of our school schedule moving forward; continue to speak with your school counselor and check the calendar on the Jordan website so that you do not miss any important meetings or due dates. For example, AP Students have pre-registration on April 18 (A-H), April 19 (I-Q), April 20 (R-Z) during your lunch and seniors have a Senior Meeting on April 27th during 2nd period. Policies and Reminders: Late work may only be submitted by those taking the class for "standard" credit for a max grade of a 60. If you are absent from class, follow the proper procedures and submit the appropriate paper work. Per school policy, you have 3 school days to make up missed quizzes or tests. Lost and found items are being turned in to the front office. Unless being used for instructional purposes and with permission, electronics should be stored during class. Food is not permitted in the classroom at any time. If you are late to class, sign in at the front left table with your first/last name, period, and the reason you are late. Assignments will not be accepted over email; hard copy assignments should be brought to class when due. JHS Distinguished Speaker Series: Our last speaker series event will take place on Thursday, April 20th at 7:00pm in the Cafeteria. Congressman David Price will be our guest. This will be your last opportunity to complete this assignment. As explained, the average of your top three reflections will be the test grade for the fourth quarter. Any supplemental assignments will be for extra credit based on the following scale: A-5 points, B-4 points, C-3 points, D-2 points, F-1 point. See the website for expectations and suggestions regarding the reflection. Emailed assignments will not be accepted. Honors Project: As you know, this project is worth 20% of your fourth quarter grade if you are taking the class for "honors" credit. Remaining due dates can be found on the class website; it is your responsibility to meet the deadlines, complete the work, and exceed expectations. Grades for those projects already completed will be entered soon. It is expected that you will complete a short presentation on your project on Monday, May 1 (A Day) or Tuesday, May 2 (B Day). Presentations should be approximately 5-6 minutes and summarize your project - overall summary of what you did, the generalizations and major takeaways from your work (with clear connections to class), and the lessons learned. Final Exam Information: The final exam schedule will be available soon. In the meantime, please be advised of the exam exemption policy: No more than 3 absences/A in the class OR No more than 2 absences/B in the class. Those students that are exempt may opt to take the test in order to boost your overall grade; the higher of scores will be applied. Absences will be reviewed in class on May 1/May 2; all questions about your absences should be resolved before school and/or addressed to Ms. Acevedo in the attendance office. UNIT PLAN Tuesday, April 4/Wednesday, April 5 Discussion:Profile of African AmericansHomework:Read and answer questions from the following articles (questions on class website) "The Family" - http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/family/history.html "Men, Women, Gender" - http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/gender/history.html IMPORTANT : This assignment is due after Spring Break (along with tomorrow night's assignment) Thursday, April 6/Friday, April 7 Discussion:Video: Slavery and the Making of AmericaHomework:Read and answer questions from the following articles (questions on the class website) "Living Conditions" - http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/living/history.html "Legal Rights and Government" - http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/legal/history.html IMPORTANT: This assignment is due after Spring Break (along with last night's assignment) Monday, April 17/Tuesday, April 18 Discussion:Slavery Freedom - Primary Source ActivityHomework:Complete web assignment on Washington vs. Du Bois Wednesday, April 19/Thursday, April 20 Discussion:Jim and Jane CrowHomework: Complete web assignment on "Civil Rights in Durham" Friday, April 21/Monday, April 24 Discussion:Civil Rights Movement, Part I: An OverviewHomework:Read excerpt from Not the End, But the Beginning and answer questions (online) Tuesday, April 25/Wednesday, April 26 Discussion:Civil

Free Essays on Slavery’s Destruction Of Domestic Life In Uncle Toms Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe is considered by many to have written the most influential American novel in history. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the first successful social protest novel published in the United States and is thought to be a catalyst of the Civil War. When Stowe met President Lincoln in 1862, he reportedly said, â€Å"So you are the little lady that started this Great War!† Stowe’s book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, began as a series of stories in the National Era, a Washington abolitionist paper, in 1851. Jewett, a Boston publishing company, reluctantly published the book in 1852. By the end of the first year, 300,000 copies had been sold in America alone. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was translated into numerous languages and also performed, as a play, on stages throughout the world. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was so successful that it sold more copies than any other book written with exception to the Bible. Stowe’s writing of Uncle Tom’s Cabin was in response to the Fugitive Slave Law, which was included in the Compromise of 1850. The Fugitive Slave Law forced non-slave owners in the free North, to return escaped slaves to their Southern masters. According to The Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, Stowe intended on humanizing slavery by telling the story of individuals and families. Stowe states that â€Å"The object of these sketches is to awaken sympathy and feeling for the African race, as they exist among us; to show their wrongs and sorrows, under a system so necessarily cruel and unjust as to defeat and do away the good effects of all that can be attempted for them, by their best friends, under it†. Stowe knew that her audience would primarily be white women, especially Northern white women. With this knowledge, she introduces her readers to seemingly real characters suffering from the injustice of slavery to produce feelings of uneasiness and guilt over the treatment of slaves. This can be easily seen in the writing style Stowe us... Free Essays on Slavery’s Destruction Of Domestic Life In Uncle Tom's Cabin Free Essays on Slavery’s Destruction Of Domestic Life In Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe is considered by many to have written the most influential American novel in history. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the first successful social protest novel published in the United States and is thought to be a catalyst of the Civil War. When Stowe met President Lincoln in 1862, he reportedly said, â€Å"So you are the little lady that started this Great War!† Stowe’s book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, began as a series of stories in the National Era, a Washington abolitionist paper, in 1851. Jewett, a Boston publishing company, reluctantly published the book in 1852. By the end of the first year, 300,000 copies had been sold in America alone. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was translated into numerous languages and also performed, as a play, on stages throughout the world. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was so successful that it sold more copies than any other book written with exception to the Bible. Stowe’s writing of Uncle Tom’s Cabin was in response to the Fugitive Slave Law, which was included in the Compromise of 1850. The Fugitive Slave Law forced non-slave owners in the free North, to return escaped slaves to their Southern masters. According to The Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, Stowe intended on humanizing slavery by telling the story of individuals and families. Stowe states that â€Å"The object of these sketches is to awaken sympathy and feeling for the African race, as they exist among us; to show their wrongs and sorrows, under a system so necessarily cruel and unjust as to defeat and do away the good effects of all that can be attempted for them, by their best friends, under it†. Stowe knew that her audience would primarily be white women, especially Northern white women. With this knowledge, she introduces her readers to seemingly real characters suffering from the injustice of slavery to produce feelings of uneasiness and guilt over the treatment of slaves. This can be easily seen in the writing style Stowe us...

The Wives of Anthony the Great

The Wives of Anthony the Great Mark Antony was a womanizer and it could be said that his decisions were made by his wife, which was considered improper behavior at the time. The Roman emperors Claudius and Nero ran into trouble later for similar reasons, so although Antonys third wife Fulvia had what may have been good ideas, Antony was frowned upon for following them. Antonys debauched lifestyle was expensive, and so by an early age, he had accumulated tremendous debt. It is possible that all his marriages were carefully conceived to provide money or political advantage, as Eleanor G. Huzar argues in Mark Antony: Marriages vs. Careers, from The Classical Journal. The following information comes from her article. Fadia The first possible wife of Antony was Fadia, the daughter of a rich freedman named Quintus Faius Gallus. This marriage is attested in Ciceros Philippics and letter 16 to Atticus. However, it is an implausible marriage because Antony was a member of the Plebeian nobility. His mother was a 3d cousin of Caesar. The marriage may have been arranged to help with Antonys 250 talent debt. Cicero says Fadia and children were all dead by at least 44 B.C. If he actually married her, Antony probably divorced her.​ Children: Unknown Antonia In his late 20s, Antony married his cousin Antonia, a proper wife, to help his career. She bore him a daughter and they remained married for about 8 years. He divorced her in 47 B.C. on a charge of adultery with Publius Cornelius Dolabella, husband of Ciceros daughter Tullia. Children: Daughter, Antonia. Fulvia In 47 or 46 B.C., Antony married Fulvia. She had already been married to 2 of Antonys friends, Publius Clodius and Gaius Scribonius Curio. Cicero said she was the driving force behind Antonys decisions. She bore him two sons. Fulvia was active in political machinations and although Antony denied knowledge of it, Fulvia and Antonys brother mutinied against Octavian (the Perusine War). She then fled to Greece where Antony met her. When she died shortly thereafter in 40 B.C. he blamed himself. Children: Sons, Marcus Antonius Antyllus and Iullus Antonius. Octavia Part of the reconciliation between Antony and Octavian (following the mutiny) was the marriage between Antony and Octavians sister Octavia. They married in 40 B.C. and Octavia bore their first child the following year. She acted as peacemaker between Octavian and Antony, trying to persuade each to accommodate the other. When Antony went east to fight the Parthians, Octavia moved to Rome where she looked after Antonys brood (and continued to do so even after divorce). They remained married for five more years during which time they never saw each other again. Antony divorced Octavia in 32 B.C. when the confrontation that was to be the Battle of Actium seemed unavoidable. Children: Daughters, Antonia Major and Minor. Cleopatra Antonys last wife was Cleopatra. He acknowledged it and their children in 36 B.C. It was a marriage that was to be unrecognized at Rome. Huzar argues that Antony made the marriage in order to utilize Egyptian resources. Octavian wasnt very forthcoming with the troops Antony needed for his Parthian campaign, so he had to look elsewhere. The marriage ended when Antony committed suicide following the Battle of Actium.​​ Children: Fraternal Twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene II; Son, Ptolemy Philadelphus.

The khipu system of the Andes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The khipu system of the Andes - Research Paper Example Through this main concept, there is the ability to understand how the Khipu System developed as a needed system in the Andes, as well as how it has developed into a writing system. The Khipu System of the Andes The concept of the Khipu System developed in the Andes as a formation of communication from the Incas. The system began with the belief in a need to record information and history as well as stories that were a part of the culture. This was combined with the visualization and symbols that were often attributed to the Incas and which were used in creating a sense of understanding through various shapes and forms that were recorded in the culture. The Incas developed the Khipu system specifically to create a recordkeeping attribute to the society and to tell the stories to others which could be passed down outside of oral storytelling and into the visualization and material goods which could keep records of those that were a part of the Inca society. The perspectives which were created were based on a combined effort with hieroglyphs, pictographic tests and a known form of early writing within the Andes (Boone, Mignolo, 5). The development of the Khipu didn’t just develop because of the need to pass down history and to have a form of writing. The formation of a knot system as communication came specifically because of the developments which the race already had. ... To record this, were also specific attributes associated with coordination of numbers and record keeping with the economic status. This particular form of record keeping with numbers then emerged into the political and social concepts which were a part of the main system. This was based on the use of symbolism and visualization which continued to accelerate into the system. The symbolic power of every material which was in society was an important concept and created a sense of significance, which led to the iconographic motifs in the Andes and eventually led to a mainstream system used in all cultures in the economy and within society. The Khapu system was able to combine the economics, numeral understand, symbolism of visualization and the use of the materials and visual relationships as creating a sense of meaning. These different attributes were able to lead to the evolution of the system and the approaches which were associated with the Khapu System (Henderson, 272). Evidence of the Writing System There are several areas of evidence that show that the Khapu system was a form of an earlier writing system and which led into an evolution of understanding specific stories, record keeping alternatives and associations with the time frame. The Spanish and European invasions of the Andes first presented the information about the writing system, specifically with an understanding that it was able to create a different form of communication. For instance, Naples documents from individuals such as Blas Valera, a mestizo Jesuit, presents the system and shows how it was a form of communication in the Andes. It was known that before this, the Incan culture and writing was thought to be lost; however, the work which was

Read What is a language, and write a short essay (about 750 words)

Read What is a language, and write a short (about 750 words) summarizing the arguments they give in support of their cla - Essay Example Within modern linguistic theory, claiming that a language is rule-managed is to maintain that it can be described in terms of grammar which is a set of rules (Smith and Wilson 332). Grammar has two major roles; separating grammatical from incorrect sentences and providing explanation of each grammatical sentence indicating how it should be pronounced and what it depicts (Smith and Wilson 333). Speakers of a language habitually behave as if their language was rule-governed yet not all speakers of the same language possess same set rules. For each speaker, there is a right and a wrong way of constructing and understanding sentences. This can neither be explained exclusively in terms of customs nor are habits, since the case novel utterances, produced and comprehended without having been heard before (Smith and Wilson 333). It can also not be explained solely in terms of convention or social agreement as each speaker has varying methods of construction and understanding which he shares with no one else (Smith and Wilson 334). Rule system can easily be created and operated by one individual such as, cases of children learning their first language and that of adults with idiosyncratic speech patterns (Smith and Wilson 339). ... The grammar that a speaker actually possesses will depend, at least in part, on the utterances he has heard in the past-mainly as a child learning language for the first time.Since each speaker will have heard different set of utterances, it is not surprising that he comes to possess a slightly different grammar from those of people around him (Smith and Wilson 333). Strictly speaking, in spite of the miscellany of the utterances of which speakers are exposed in learning their language, Smith and Wilson argue that there seems to be incredible similarity in grammars which result from learning process (333). The linguistic knowledge that speakers have is unconscious knowledge. The work of a linguist is to devise explicitly conscious grammatical conventions that speakers are acquainted with. The distinction between rule-governed regularities and fortuitous patterns in language is usually by significant generalization and accidental generalizations (Smith and Wilson 334). Accidental gene ralizations occur by chance while significant are those attained after operation of rules; thus, the search for linguistic rules has two aspects. One is the search for patterns and second is the rejection of those patterns which are considered accidental (Smith and Wilson 335). According to a study by Noam Chomsky, human beings are inherently disposed to learn certain varieties of language (Smith and Wilson 336). In other words, the languages that actually exist are the ones that children are subjected to learn. This is supported further by two facts: first, that human languages exhibit noteworthy similarities; second, children follow remarkable parallel routes to

The courts of Henry IV and his son Prince Harry Essay Example for Free

The courts of Henry IV and his son Prince Harry Essay A comparison (up to the end of Act 3) of the courts of Henry IV and his son Prince Harry Shakespeares Henry IV part 1 deals with a Scottish challenge to the throne of King Henry IV led by Henry Percy (Hotspur) who was the son of the Earl of Northumberland. But it also deals with the differences of the lives at which the King and his son live, and how they differ in the time of need. In this essay I shall be carrying out a comparison of the courts of Henry IV and his son, Price Henry, also named as Hal. When I mention courts, I am describing the area of which a monarch conducts all aspects of their business, but also the inhabitants of it. The outcome I am aiming to produce is to show how the two inhabitants of different courts come together when they are needed by each other. I shall start with a comparison of the settings of the two courts. The setting of the Kings court is of many great places in which he conducts his business, such as discussions of rebellion and how to keep the country at peace. These are very prestigious and modern (in the set era) rooms and areas which would allow a select few to enter. Surrounded by high quality goods and paintings, these courts would be very solemn. They would be used for their sole purpose only, and any unneeded acts would rarely commence. Examples of this are shown, not only in the BBC Broadcast of the book, but also in the ink drawings in the novel. They show the setting to be extremely tidy but at the same time bland. These areas have no character, no feeling in them; they are merely for show. In the BBC broadcast of the book, near the beginning there is a scene in which the King is giving a speech in which he addresses his supporters in giving them the news that he shall lead a crusade in Jerusalem (among other things). This setting in which he is in is extremely royal and expensive; this helps me to explain my comparison. But also, during Act 3 in the book, there is some clear ink drawings describing the settings of his courts. These are extremely plain areas, but they have their unique points to them. But in a complete contrast of this court, is Hals: Inns, dirty apartments filled with commoners and prostitutes- that was the world of Hals. But this was also of feeling, of life, of happiness. Hals courts were rarely dull or uneventful, but full of excitement; although, for this fun and excitement to occur, the circumstances shall be rough and cheap. The main areas to socialise would be in his Royal Apartments, but also the Boars Head, an uninviting tavern in Eastcheap. They are completely opposite to the layout of the Kings areas. Descriptions would be shabby, cheap ornaments, alcohol everywhere feeding the drunks. The setting is dirty fit for a common man, not a Prince. The BBC broadcast clearly elaborates on my comparison above in the scenes in which the Prince is socialising with his friends. Also, during Act 2 Scene 4 in the book, there is an ink drawing showing the tavern in which the Prince and his comrades are socialising. It shows many drunks sleeping on tables, fighting over drinks, sitting on various items trying to settle down. But this depicts the tavern to be full of low-life people trying to drown their sorrows. Another comparison I shall make is of the types of speeches between Henry IV and Hal. Iambic Pentameter, more commonly known as Blank Verse, was the verse used in the era of Shakespeare for those more able in society. They were unrhymed lines which were ten syllables long. Here is an example below of how the Kings speech is adapted to this style, So shaken as we are, so wan with care, Find we a time for frighted peace to pant, And breathe short-winded accents of new broils To be commencd in stronds afar remote: No more the thirsty entrance of this soil Shall daub her lips with her own childrens blood; No more shall trenching war channel her fields, Nor bruise her flowrets wit the armed hoofs Of hostile paces. The King here uses different tones when speaking, first of solemnity with his views on the battle, but then with hope and determination as he encourages his supporters about the tactics of how to lead England from there on. This type of speech can adapt to any tone of voice, but also to change, mid-verse. Notice how the sentences carry on in some areas to the next line, to keep the type of speech in proportion. Anyone who had a high social stature at the time would use Blank Verse, such as a Lord of Lady. Hal and his court rarely used this type of speech. The only times he would use Blank Verse is during speeches to the public, but also to important figures in his social areas, such as his father or visitors of his (King Henry IVs). The main type of speech Hal was adapted to would be that common of the subjects of the country, such as the working class or poor. I think that the use of this showed the Prince to be not just a monarch to be feared of, but one to appreciate and respect. The speeches would use language common to the poor and not common to royalty, as in the Kings Courts. For example, as where Hal and his Court would refer to an alcoholic drink as sack, the Kings Court would use a more dignified term. This shows that a type of slang language would be used amongst the Prince and his fellows, but the King would not allow his Countrys speech to be attacked like that. There is one exception where Hal uses the Kings type of speech: this is were he talking about how he will change for the better, and become a true Prince. This is throughout Act 3 Scene 2. An example to show this will be in lines 18-28, So please your Majesty, I would I could Quit all offences wit as clear excuse As well as I am doubtless I can purge Myself of many I am chargd withal: Yet such extenuation let me beg As, in reproof of many tales devisd, Which oft the ear of greatness needs must hear, By smiling pickthanks, and base newsmongers, Health faulter wanderd and irregular, Find pardon on my true submission. The inhabitants of a court shall make up a large proportion of its character: they are the ones who decide how it is handled, but also the manner in which they are handled. The main inhabitants of Henrys IV court consist of the Earl of Westmoreland, Sir Walter Blunt, Lord John of Lancaster, and of course King Henry IV. Lord John of Lancaster was the son of the King and a possible rival to the throne if Hal deceased before his father. He was involved in the Kings plans for the country and part of his trustworthy group of advisors. The Lord w as the opposite of his wild brother, and was quick to take on responsibility in the Kings councils. Another interested in the affairs of the land was the Earl of Westmoreland. He was an ally to the King and was loyal and trusted. Sir Walter Blunt was a supporter of the Henry IV. He served as an intermediary between the King and the rebels before the battle of Shrewsbury. Altogether, along with many other small inhabitants to the court, these peopl e were highly respected in their day with many friends, but also many foes. The inhabitants of Hals court stretched from the barmaid in the Boars Head, to Falstaff, a well known thief and lowlife. Sir John Falstaff was a main companion of Hals. This character was extremely dishonourable, but at the same time easy-going. He would make a joke out of everything, but never a true word be spoken from his mouth. The only person Falstaff would look after is himself, when it came to anyone else he was never interested. After all these characteristics, he has many friends. Poins was a person interested in mockery and the simple side to life. He would be someone always ready for a joke, but also ready for anything else the world may like to throw at him. Gadshill, a companion more of Falstaffs, was a cheat and liar much like his friend. When a robbery was setup and he and Falstaff were attacked by Hal, his versions of events were same to the lies of Falstaffs. Peto, a fellow member of Hals court was also a thief- he had no respect. He was a partner in the robbery used to trick Falstaff. Another was Bardolph, one of Falstaffs disreputable pals. Falstaff calls him the Knight of the Burning Lamp, because of his red nose, caused by too much drinking. This was the bulk of Henrys inhabitants, but there were many more minor ones. Please note that there were no inhabitants which were of a good social stature, except the Prince. The courts would be subject to many different activities. Henry IV was regularly anticipating the concept of a rebellion against the empire. This is shown throughout Act 1 Scene 1 as the King is told of a challenge to thrown made by Henry Hotspur. This is some what of a surprise to the Henry as it is his own nephew making the challenge. The King was extremely confident that his own country was running itself that he had made plans to lead an army in a Crusade to Jerusalem, to fight the Turks, who were in possession of the Christian Holy Land. But this was all postponed by the news delivered in Act 1 Scene 1. Altogether, the Kings Court was set on running the country and keeping it from collapsing into the hands of rebels: this meant attending meetings with both allies and rebels in the same room. Although Hals Court had a different perception of activities- His activities were the same as an average man. His court had their hearts set on destroying the country (up until the great battle in the beginning of scene 4). Most of the scenes in this book concerning the court would be in an inn or in royal apartments, and the inhabitants- drinking. This group of friends would be regularly visiting brothels for the company of a prostitute, especially Falstaff. In Act 3 Scene 3, lines 14-20, it shall show how Falstaff explains his activities, I was as virtuously given as a gentleman need to be virtuous enough: swore little; diced not above seven times a week; went to a bawdy-house not above once in a quarter of an hour; paid money that I borrowed three or four times; lived well, and in good compass. And now I live out of all order, out of all compass. Here, he admits to being a constant gambler and to visiting brothels a significant amount of times. Falstaff is also telling of how he rarely pays back debts owed. After this speech is made, no one makes a comment about his activities, so that goes to suggest that they also lead lives similar. One activity that the whole court was involved in was a double-robbery in Act 2 Scene 1 on Gads Hill. The Prince and Poins had left Falstaff and others to commit the first robbery alone. After this, Hal and Poins had dressed also to thieve, and they now took on his friends in order to receive the stolen goods. After defeating them, the two-some left the others and returned back down the hill. Hal had planned this so that Falstaff would have to make two very dishonourable lies to him in order to retain his pride: he would need to exaggerate the amount of attackers on him, and also how they fought. This was as he had no significant marks on him to say that he was wounded and could not retaliate. As predicted, Falstaff made these comments later on in the Boars Head. In Act 2 Scene 4, lines 167-173, Falstaff tells of how he fought for hours on end against many attackers, I am a rogue I never dealt better since I was a man. This is blatantly a lie as he goes on to say things that would be unbelievable, even for a knight in battle. Finally Falstaff stumbles onto another major lie, which was on lines 223-226, he says how 3 hooded men came at him from behind, But as the devil would have it, three misbegotten knaves in Kendal green came at my back and let drive at me; for it was so dark, Hal, that thou couldst not see thy hand. Although, Falstaff made a mistake whilst improvising a speech- he added in the detail of the colour of the cloaks the attackers were wearing, then goes on to say that it was too dark to even see his hand. Now Falstaff must lie repeatedly to make up for the mistake. Overall, Hals Court and their activities are much more exciting in some tenses, but also unfaithful. Speeches in the two Courts vary in content. The Kings shall have an elegant and prestigious topic of conversation, whereas Hals is the opposite. In the next couple of paragraphs I shall explain this theory; I shall start off with the content of the Kings courts speeches. The main topics of interest shall be of rebellion, war and hot to keep the country afloat. In Act 1 Scene 1, lines 1 to 33, the King is rifling on his alliance and encouraging them to support the country, So shaken as we are our Council did decree In forwarding this dear expedience. Here he talks about how they are on top of all their troubles and shall now move on to larger targets; such as claiming back Jerusalem from the Turks. In Act 1 Scene 3, King Henry confronts the rebels who have been causing him anger. He argues heavily with Hotspur about him not agreeing to surrender captured prisoners. Throughout this scene there is one main content for the conversation; how to run the country. For example, in lines 1-9, he is apologising for being too harsh to these rebels, and admitting his mistakes in leadership. Although, Hotspur, during lines 28- 68, then retaliates that comment and admits he has captured prisoners, but then gives reasons for his treachery. But after this conversation, the King has gained some respect for this young man. During Act 1 Scene 1, lines 77-94, express the Kings feelings for his son. Yea, there thou makst me sad and makst me sin In envy that my Lord Northumberland Should be the father to so blest a son- A son who is the theme of honours tongue, Amongst a grove the very straightest plant, Who is sweet Fortunes minion and her pride- Whilst I, by looking on the praise of him See riot and dishonor stain the brow Of my young Harry. O, that it could be proved That some night-tripping fairy had exchanged In cradle clothes our children where they lay, And called mine Percy, his Plantagenet! These lines above set the stage for the conflict between Prince Hal and Hotspur. The King describes the fame and fortune of young Hotspur by calling him the theme of honours tongue. As a comparison, he states that Prince Harry has been sullied by riot and dishonour. He then refers to an old English folk superstition- fairies who switched young children at birth. Henry wishes that a fairy had switched Harry and Hotspur at birth, so that Hotspur were really his son and Harry the son of Northumberland. Hals content of speeches is significantly different- they will either be joking towards each other or plotting a new scheme. This Court would never be seen to have a civilised conversation. An example of this shall be shown in Act 1 Scene 2, lines 2-12, Thou art so fat-witted, with drinking of old sack and unbuttoning thee after supper and sleeping upon benches after noon, that thou hast forgotten to demand that truly which thou wouldst truly know. What a devil hast thou to do with the time of the day? Unless hours were cups of sack and minutes capons and clocks the tongues of bawds and dials the signs of leaping-houses and the blessed sun himself a fair hot wench in flame-coloured taffeta, I see no reason why thou shouldst be so superfluous to demand the time of the day. This shows the extent to mockery this Court would go to in order to entertain their selves. But in contrast, there is a speech made by Hal in which he is talking about how he has played everyone for a fool, and is now going to become the true Prince. This is in Act 1 Scene 2, lines 173-195, I know you all, and will awhile uphold The unyoked humour of your idleness. Yet herein will I imitate the sun, Who doth permit the base contagious clouds To smother up his beauty from the world, That when he please again to be himself, Being wanted, he may be more wondered at By breaking through the foul and ugly mists Of vapours that did seem to strangle him. If all the year were playing holidays, To sport would be as tedious as to work; But when they seldom come, they wished-for come, And nothing pleaseth but rare accidents. So, when this loose behaviour I throw off And pay the debt I never promisà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d, By how much better than my word I am, By so much shall I falsify mens hopes; And like bright metal on a sullen ground, My reformation, glittring oer my fault, Shall show more goodly and attract more eyes Than that which hath no foil to set it off. Ill so offend to make offence a skill, Redeeming time when men think least I will. Here Hal is revealing his deception about his character; his theory is that people will like him more if he has a sudden change of personality and turns into a noble Prince. It shows young Hal to have an extremely complex mind and that common people are not worthy as his friends. King Henry IV and his son Hal have a very complicated relationship: they are not alike in many ways, but when it comes to the time which they are seeking salvation by each other, they have many similarities. In Act 1 Scene 1, lines 77-94, the King reveals how he wishes that the young Hotspur and his own son Hal were switched at birth, Yea, there thou makst me sad and makst me sin And called mine Percy, his Plantagenet! The above speech is explained above when I am carrying out a comparison of the content of speeches. Although, in Act 3 Scene 2, both faces admit to each other that they are in need of help from one-another. The King berates him for his behaviour and the company he keeps. This is shown in lines 10-17, For the hot vengeance and the rod of heaven And hold their level with thy princely heart? But soon he is pouring his heart out and pleading for Hal to change his ways and become a real monarch; the proof of this is throughout this scene. Although, in lines 129-159, Hal promises his father that he will be a noble Prince; an honourable Prince; a worthy Prince, Do not think so, you shall not find it so; Ere break the smallest parcel of this vow. I have now made all my comparisons relating to the courts of Henry IV and his son, Prince Harry. I have gained several conclusions throughout this piece of coursework at the end of each section. But as I final conclusion, I shall like to state what I think is occurring with the courts near the end of Act 3: Henrys and Hals courts are different in many senses, although the only occasion they join each others company is when fighting for their country; when they have a purpose.

The Effects of Prejudice Essay -- Racism Essays

Evolutionary theory suggests that in order to prevent contact with harmful pathogens, people identify and avoid heuristic cues that are associated with disease (Schaller, 2011). Further, people who feel most vulnerable to disease tend to associate subjectively foreign out-groups with disease and act more negatively toward them (Faulkner, Schaller, Park & Duncan, 2004). The negative effects of prejudice are both physical and psychological: People who reported being subjected to prejudice also had greater amounts of visceral fat (Lewis, Kravitz, Janssen & Powell, 2011) and ambiguous racism decreased people’s performance in cognitive tasks (Salvatore & Shelton, 2007). Hence, it is of obvious benefit to society to reduce prejudice and alleviate these detrimental outcomes. Combining this past research, Huang, Sedlovskaya, Ackerman and Bargh (2011) reported across three studies a significant correlation between modern health interventions, such as vaccination and handwashing, and reducing prejudice. Their studies, however, indicate that it is the perceived protection from disease which is important in reducing prejudice, which limits the extent that health interventions alone will impact prejudice. Further it will be argued that other factors, such as the prolific nature of disease and alternative causes of prejudice, limit how meaningful these findings are in realistically impacting on social prejudice. A reasonable alternative that will be discussed is that any threat or perceived harm, not solely disease-based, towards an in-group may produce xenophobic attitudes. In study one Huang et al. (2011) examined the effects of vaccination status on reported racism. They reported that when confronted with disease, unvaccinated part... ...61 Lewis, T. T., Kravitz, H. M., Janssen, I. & Powell, L. H. (2011). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and visceral fat in middle-aged African American and Caucasian women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 173, 1223-1231. Retrieved from http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/ Salvatore, J. & Shelton, J. N. (2007). Cognitive costs of exposure to racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 18, 810-815. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x Schaller, M. (2011). The behavioral immune system and the psychology of human sociology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 366, 3418-3426. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0029 Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003). Fear of the dark: Interactive effects of beliefs about danger and ambient darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Journal for Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 637-649. DOI: 10.1177/0146167203029005008

Cultural Globalization Essay

Indeed, the world gets smaller by the minute. Not literally though, but figuratively. It seems smaller because the people are able to interact with each other, ignoring the limitations of time and distance. In the advent of science and technology, people are able to bridge the gap of our geographical differences and unite everyone through interactions of interconnections of the modern age. Man is not anymore limited by the physical world he lives in. No one is alone anymore, as people get closer to others with the advancements in travel, telecommunications, and a lot more. This breakthrough has led to other concepts and ideas, and one of this is cultural globalization: ideas, attitudes, and values exchanged in permeable national borders leads to the interaction and interconnection of people from different cultures and different walks of life. In order to understand the concept of cultural globalization further, we need to look at its components separately. Culture and globalization are different topics with different meanings. Culture is defined as a set of shared attributes such as attitudes, values, practices, and goals of a certain group or organization. We understand that every nation of the world possesses unique culture that sets them apart from others. Within these nations, there are cultures, subcultures, and other cultures that thrive, collectively giving that certain nation a unique identity (Dyczewski, 2003). Globalization on the other hand, is said to be the growing integration of various economies and societies all over the world into one global economy or society. It was Marshall McLuhan who had the first idea regarding this concept, previously calling it a global village, wherein nations are able to connect and interact with each other, and is characterized by the instantaneous exchange of ideas all over the world. Globalization integrates the practices which were previously limited to a certain specific country or nation. Having separately defined culture and globalization, we put them together into a single concept, which is cultural globalization. It is defined as the rapid traversing of various ideas, concepts, values, attitudes and perception across different nations. This results to a sharing of ideas between these nations, and the result of this is the interconnection and interaction of each and every nation. It is said that the tools used for the proliferation of the concept of cultural globalization are the mass media and communication technologies. It was through this that it was possible to know what’s happening in other sides of the world, thus promoting awareness not only of their own nation but of others. Several authors have different takes about the topic. One author, Leon Dyczewski, offers the argument that globalization can bring about the annihilation and destruction of ethnic and national cultures, so the relationship between the two is more of a destructive rather than constructive. Basing on this, we can say that the authors means to tell us that as our own cultures become more and more permeable because of globalization, it slowly disintegrates in order to accommodate the emerging idea of cultural globalization. Another point being raised is that there is an emergence of a uniform and pluralistic world. The different components of the world that becomes open to globalization would then conform to a globalized standard of everything. It limits the people’s creativity and uniqueness, in order to achieve a globalized nation. One the other hand, globalization introduces the individuals to a wider world, other that what they got used to growing up. Cultural globalization, in the eyes of the author, is not really about the destruction of small scale nations, ethnic groups, or even the local communities. Instead, cultural globalization offers some sort of unity to the people, effectively leading them to a global society that would let them maintain cultural identity, as well as develop it from time to time. On the other hand, there are those who offer an alternative perspective of the issue. Authors Breidenbach and Zukrigl explain that cultural globalization causes cultural homogenization. Cultural globalization results to a creation of a culture that would encompass its entire component, creating the â€Å"main† culture to be adhered to. Cultural globalization simply narrows down the differences between everyone, possibly creating a much more productive environment (Breidenbach & Zukrigl, 1998). One criticism being slapped to cultural globalization is that it leans towards western ideology and other practices. It was more like adapting to the greatest influence, which in the case of cultural globalization, is the United States of America. What seemed to be an interrelated link of people all over the world became an alternative reason to be like western countries. It is also called as a McDonaldization effort by some, who clearly opposes the concept and idea. Elements of the west, just like McDonalds becomes an icon of cultural globalization, References: Breidenbach, J. , & Zukrigl, I. (1998). The Dynamics of Cultural Globalization. The myths of cultural globalization. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from http://www. inst. at/studies/collab/breidenb. htm Dyczewski, L. (2003). The National and Ethnic Cultures in a Globalizing World. Retrieved March 16, 2009, from http://www. crvp. org/conf/Istanbul/abstracts/dyczewski. htm

Examples of successful campaigns produced by big advertising agencies

When it comes to advertising, a small business is more likely to it in house due mainly to the fact that it is very expensive to get an advertising company to do it for you. Where as a small company does not the luxury of having a large advertising budget, they need to do it by the most effective means possible. Three examples of successful campaigns produced by big advertising agencies are: * The Marks & Spencer's â€Å"Magic & Sparkle† Christmas Adverts which were made by a firm called Rainey Kelly Campbell Roalfe. It was run up to and including Christmas Eve. These adverts put M&S back on the map for food and clothing, boosting their sales tremendously. The adverts include many famous celebrities including Twiggy and Shirley Bassey, all who reportedly got paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 and above. * Halifax pioneered an innovative approach to bank adverts in 2000, when it allowed its staff to star in adverts, singing popular songs with the words changed to reflect financial services products. Halifax worker, Howard Brown is the regular star of the adverts. Following the merger with the Bank of Scotland, this practice has continued, with the Bank of Scotland also allowing its staff to take part. These adverts were made by a company called Roberts & Robertson, and it became very successful for them. * Sainsbury's is another company that has done well out of a recent campaign to promote them selves. Sainsbury's did this with their â€Å"Try something new today† campaign. They showed how they are now offering all sorts of new products in store that many people would not have tried or liked, but are now widely available. Their campaign's were organised by a company called Redbus, who did market research and found out what customers want from their food shops. There are many different types of media that companies use to get their message across. These are Television, Radio, Posters and Magazines / Newspapers. Magazines: * More colour pagers to give the viewer a more detailed image * Better Reproduction and quality of the printing * Longer copy deadlines as some are monthly etc. * Few regional editions, different areas will be interested in different things * Diversity of subject matter, there is almost a magazine for any subject matter so you can target the exact audience * Reach specific groups of people either by age or what they are interested in. * Sunday colour supplement, this free magazine is often jam packed with different adverts and promotions * Weekly women's magazines will mean if you have a specific product such as something to do with babies etc you can put it right in their face. * TV Guides often have a lot of space at the back filled with more information about Television programs so products / services can be linked in with this. * Carry adverts for a broad range of products / services * Low cost per thousand, it becomes a lot cheaper when you are making many thousand copies * Business publications given free to company executives * Kept for a reasonable amount of time, as they do not perish and are harder wearing than a newspaper etc. * The amount of magazines that people often browse at when sitting in waiting rooms. * There is no sound or movement. * You have to book and produce a month in advance. * Many have many pages of adverts so that they could get missed. Posters * Must be clear and quick to the point.. * Relatively cheap to produce and make. * Can be seen again and again. * Can be placed near the shop where the product / service is currently on offer. * Posters cabn have large impact due to the size and colour and the boldness of the print. * They are very popular with art directors to get their message across in a different and eye catching way. * They have to be printed and distributed way before the product / service is available so they need to be created and planned months in advance. * Can become damaged and damaged so they need to have a level of looking after. * The message cannot be complex as many people will not stop to read an advert specifically just glimpse at it. * Some people see poster adverts as anti-environment. Radio * It gives the listeners an opportunity to use their imagination. * You can reach listeners whilst they are doing other things such as driving etc. * They can be local, regional or national. * Very popular and worth while during â€Å"drive time† * Radio adverts are quick to produce. * Intensive medium, it will make people think of it, even though they may have been thinking of something completely different. * Listeners for certain radio stations may be low and not worth while. * It is very difficult to advertise food and clothing product by radio as people want a visual representation. * You can buy a package from many of the bigger radio stations for certain â€Å"spots† during the day. Cinema * The visual power of the adverts is very effective with the visual representation and the sound in a cinema. * It is the strongest medium of all as you are going to watch it anyway because you are sitting down waiting for the film to start and as it is on such a large scale straight in front of you. * Campaigns can be local or national as all of the adverts can be edited onto the beginning of films by the cinema itself. * Book / soundtrack commercials are very effective too advertise for the film at the beginning as they are about to watch the film and may be interested. * Audiences often will chat through the adverts. TV * Hundreds of thousands of people watch TV every day so there is an enormous market to show the product / service to. * Vivid colour and sound though a television, giving the viewer a good visual representation of the product / service. * BBC channels do not have advertisements in them so that will cut down the number of viewers. * There are many channels on Sky that are becoming very specific to certain interests etc, so you are able to advertise to the right audience. * Many people either turn over when the adverts come on, or more recently with the creation of Sky+ etc you can simply fast forward them and skip them completely.

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution

Arnolds Expedition to Quebec during the American Revolution Arnold Expedition - Conflict Dates: The Arnold Expedition took place from September to November 1775 during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Arnold Expedition - Army Commander: Colonel Benedict Arnold1,100 men Arnold Expedition - Background: Following their capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775, Colonels Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen approached the Second Continental Congress with arguments in favor of invading Canada.   They felt this a prudent course as all of Quebec was held by around 600 regulars and intelligence indicated that the French-speaking population would be favorably inclined towards the Americans.   Additionally, they pointed out that Canada could serve as a platform for British operations down Lake Champlain and the Hudson Valley.   These arguments were initially rebuffed as Congress expressed concern over angering the residents of Quebec.   As the military situation shifted that summer, this decision was reversed and Congress directed Major General Philip Schuyler of New York to advance north via the Lake Champlain-Richelieu River corridor. Unhappy that he had not been chosen to lead the invasion, Arnold traveled north to Boston and met with General George Washington whose army was conducting a siege of the city.   During their meeting, Arnold proposed taking a second invasion force north via Maines Kennebec River, Lake Mà ©gantic, and Chaudià ¨re River.   This would then unite with Schuyler for a combined assault on Quebec City.   Corresponding with Schuyler, Washington obtained the New Yorkers agreement with Arnolds proposal and gave the colonel permission to commence planning the operation.   To transport the expedition, Reuben Colburn was contracted to build a fleet of bateaux (shallow draft boats) in Maine. Arnold Expedition - Preparations: For the expedition, Arnold selected a force of 750 volunteers which was divided into two battalions led by Lieutenant Colonels Roger Enos and Christopher Greene.   This was augmented by companies of riflemen led by Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Morgan.   Numbering around 1,100 men, Arnold expected his command to be able to cover the 180 miles from Fort Western (Augusta, ME) to Quebec in around twenty days.   This estimate was based on a rough map of the route developed by Captain  John Montresor in 1760/61.   Though Montresor was a skilled military engineer, his map lacked detail and possessed inaccuracies.   Having gathered supplies, Arnolds command moved to Newburyport, MA where it embarked for the Kennebec River on September 19.   Ascending the river, it arrived at Colburns home in Gardiner the next day. Coming ashore, Arnold was disappointed in the bateaux constructed by Colburns men.   Smaller than anticipated, they were also built from green wood as sufficient dried pine had not been available.   Briefly pausing to permit additional bateaux to be assembled, Arnold dispatched parties north to Forts Western and Halifax.   Moving upstream, the bulk of the expedition reached Fort Western by September 23.   Departing two days later, Morgans men took the lead while Colburn followed the expedition with a group of boatwrights to make repairs as necessary.   Though the force reached the last settlement on the Kennebec,  Norridgewock Falls, on October 2,  problems were already widespread as the green wood led to the bateaux leaking badly which in turn destroyed food and supplies.   Similarly, worsening weather caused health issues throughout the expedition.   Ã‚         Arnold Expedition - Trouble in the Wilderness: Forced to portage the bateaux around Norridgewock Falls, the expedition was delayed for a week due to the effort required to move the boats overland.   Pushing on, Arnold and his men entered the Dead River before arriving at the Great Carrying Place on October 11.   This portage around an unnavigable stretch of the river stretched for twelve miles and included an elevation gain of around 1,000 feet.   Progress continued to be slow and supplies became an increasing concern.   Returning to the river on October 16, the expedition, with Morgans men in the lead, battled heavy rains and a strong current as it pushed upstream.   A week later, disaster struck when several bateaux carrying provisions overturned.   Calling a council of war, Arnold decided to press on and dispatched a small force north to attempt to secure supplies in Canada.   Also, the sick and injured were sent south. Trailing behind Morgan, Greenes and Enos battalions increasingly suffered from a lack of provisions and were reduced to eating shoe leather and candle wax.   While Greenes men resolved to continue, Enos captains voted to turn back.   As a result, around 450 men departed the expedition.   Nearing the height of land, the weaknesses of Montresors maps became apparent and the lead elements of the column repeatedly became lost.   After several missteps, Arnold finally reached  Lake Mà ©gantic on October 27 and began descending the upper Chaudià ¨re a day later.   Having achieved this goal, a scout was sent back to Greene with directions through the region.   These proved inaccurate and a further two days were lost.    Arnold Expedition - Final Miles: Encountering the local population on October 30, Arnold distributed a letter from Washington asking them to assist the expedition.   Joined on the river by the bulk of his force the next day, he received food and care for his sick from those in the area.   Meeting Jacques Parent, a resident of Pointe-Levi, Arnold learned that the British were aware of his approach and had ordered all boats on the south bank of the St. Lawrence River to be destroyed.   Moving down the  Chaudià ¨re, the Americans arrived at Pointe-Levi, across from Quebec City, on November 9.   Of Arnolds original force of 1,100 men, around 600 remained.   Though he had believed the route to be around 180 miles, in actuality it had totaled approximately 350. Arnold Expedition - Aftermath: Concentrating his force at the mill of John Halstead, a New Jersey-born businessman, Arnold began making plans for crossing the St. Lawrence.   Purchasing canoes from the locals, the Americans crossed on the night of November 13/14 and were successful in evading two British warships in the river.   Approaching the city on November 14, Arnold demanded its garrison surrender.   Leading a force consisting of around 1,050 men, many of which were raw militia, Lieutenant Colonel Allen Maclean refused.   Short on supplies, with his men in poor condition, and lacking artillery, Arnold withdrew to  Pointe-aux-Trembles five days later to await reinforcements. On December 3, Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, who had replaced an ill Schuyler, arrived with around 300 men.   Though he had moved up Lake Champlain with a larger force and captured Fort St. Jean on the  Richelieu River, Montgomery had been forced to leave many of his men as garrisons at Montreal and elsewhere along the route north.   Assessing the situation, the two American commanders decided to assault Quebec City on the night of December 30/31.   Moving forward, they were repelled with heavy losses in the Battle of Quebec and Montgomery was killed.   Rallying the remaining troops, Arnold attempted to lay siege to the city. This proved increasingly ineffective as men began to depart with the expiration of their enlistments. Though he was reinforced, Arnold was compelled to retreat following the arrival of 4,000 British troops under Major General John Burgoyne. After being beaten at Trois-Rivià ¨res on June 8, 1776, the Americans were forced to retreat back into N ew York, ending the invasion of Canada.      Ã‚         Selected Sources: Arnold Expedition Historical SocietyArnolds Expedition to QuebecMaine Encyclopedia: Arnold Expedition

Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2

Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 Ingenious vs. Ingenuous #2 By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between ingenious and ingenuous, and are they even related? If you believe that despite their seeming disparity in meaning, these words belong to the same genus, you’re a genius and you therefore probably know as well that those terms with the common element gen share their origin with the first pair of words. Ingenious, ingenuous, and several other words and their variations are derived ultimately from the Latin verb gignere, which means â€Å"to produce.† One of that term’s descendants is engine, which traces from ingenium, meaning â€Å"talent.† Originally, engine meant â€Å"trick or device,† but it later came to be applied to machines used in warfare and then to mechanisms in general. Gin, an abbreviation of the French form engin, eventually referred specifically to a device that separates cotton from the cotton plant’s seeds. (The name of the alcoholic beverage gin and that of the card game gin rummy are corruptions of the place name Geneva and are unrelated.) Genus, meaning â€Å"a class or kind,† and general, with the same basic meaning but best known for other connotations and in various forms, are ancient kin of these other words including the element gen. So is genius, which first referred to a guardian spirit but came to apply to innate talent. Two other closely related words are genie, from the French form of genius (which later was associated with the similar-sounding but unrelated Arabic word djinn to refer, in French and later English translations, to a spirit or force in Arabian mythology and folklore) and genial, also descended from genius but now meaning â€Å"friendly,† as well as congenial (â€Å"pleasant, harmonious†). Ingenious developed a sense of â€Å"clever† through its predecessor ingenium. Ingenuous, however, took a different route, evolving in sense from â€Å"high-minded† to â€Å"straightforward† to â€Å"innocent.† The feminine form in French, ingà ©nu, altered in English to ingenue, came to refer to a stage character defined by her artless simplicity. The term was extended to apply to a young, innocent female lead character in live and recorded performances and in literature (and, occasionally, to such a person in general). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureUse a Dash for Number RangesThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Activity Based Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activity Based Costing - Essay Example Conventional costing methods have caused problems in their implementation in most companies. This is because of the constant change in technological advancement which requires the use of modern methods of costing. The use of the ABC system creates difficulties in the separation and allocation of some overhead costs on a product unit. For instance, the Chief Executive Officer’s salary does not provide the management with the appropriate reports on costs. The ABC method allocates business cost on a proportionate basis to products or based on assumptions (Lawrence, 2004). This makes inaccurate reports on costs to be generated to the management. Some of the traditional methods of costing ensure accuracy of information which can lead to a competitive advantage. ABC is a costly method as compared to the traditional methods, but it is the most efficient. In planning implementation of ABC method, it is important to identify key purposes of the information that the method will provide. A well designed ABC method can form the basis of improved budgeting and capacity of resource planning (Lawrence, 2004). Organizations need to understand their cost structures and have a cost management system that supports the understanding. Effective management of both ABC and the conventional methods may have greater profitability to the

Pier scour in Coarse bed and cohesive materials Research Paper

Pier scour in Coarse bed and cohesive materials - Research Paper Example This is the overall mission of the United States Department of the interior and the United States Geological Survey. The two mentioned departments are responsible for bridges and scours which this paper seeks to discuss. Studies have evidently determined that streambed scours are the leading cause of bridge failure in the United States. This results to approximately 60 percent of all bridge failures. The societal repercussions that are associated with failures and the costs that are linked to repair are amplified in Alaska, alternate routes of ground transportation between several cities are not in existence. Bridge culvert damages cost a lot to the economy, for example, in 2002 the damage in Kenai Peninsula was estimated at about 19 million dollars. This led to bridge site examination for scour. Purpose This paper therefore seeks to discuss pier scour in coarse bed and cohesive materials. The purpose of this paper is very open: to know how scour works and why bridges fall down. This is an issue that everyone could be interested in. Several bridges have been witnessed fall down and it has taken my attention to study how the whole process takes place. Bridges are normally built by technical experts and are expected to stay for maximum periods as prescribed by the civil engineers and architectures; however, scour has remained a disappointment to such expectations. Justas the aim of the paper: to discuss pier scour in coarse bed and cohesive materials, I am interested in understanding every single detail about the entire process of scour, types of scour, and its fundamental equations. Background on Scour Scour may refer to as remove by washing hard and rubbing and/ or rub hard with a cleansing rough material. Basically it accounts for a hole that remains behind when sand and rocks, sediments are washed away from the river bottom. Even though scour often occur at any particular time, the scour action is strong especially during flood season. This is because swiftly flowing water has much energy than slowly flowing calm water to lift and wash away sediments from the river bottom. Scour is of a great concern to bridges. This is because if rocks or sediment on which bridge is supported or rest is scoured by the river, it is most probably that the bridge could be very unsafe for travel purposes. For example, in 1987 when the Interstate Highway bridge over Schoharie Creek in the state of New York collapsed following a flood, the Federal Highway Administration demanded that each state to specify bridges on the highway over water that are likely to experience problems of scour and to have the bridges with severe scour identified. This knowledge of bridge sites in which there are potential scour problems will enable the States to improve and monitor the bridge conditions ahead of time before they pose danger to travelers. Types of scour There are three main types of scour that affect bridges. The following are the major types of scour that may pose d anger to highway bridges over water: Local scour: this occurs when sediments are swept away from around bridge piers and/ or abutments: the pillars that support bridges and those that support the end of the bridge. Flowing water past abutment or pier may scoop holes out in the sediment resulting into an

Capital Projects and Strategic Direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Projects and Strategic Direction - Essay Example (Bender & Ward, 2002) A typical process to evaluate a project involves assessing its net present value by discounting the future cash flows of a firm with appropriate discount rate and deducting the resulting amount from the total capital outlay spent on the project. If the net present value of the project is positive it adds value to the firm and if it is negative, it could not add value to the firm. The value addition proposition of the capital projects is therefore their net present value. If the net present value is positive, it adds value to the firm and the shareholders. Positive NPV of the project therefore is considered as the key criteria for adding value to the firm. If NPV of the capital project is negative, it is assumed that it will not add value to the firm and hence could not maximize the value of the firm or the value for the shareholders. Major capital projects with positive NPV help the organization’s stock prices to increase by such projects give a signal to the investors that the firm is adding more capacity to it and expanding its markets. Expansion through new capital projects therefore also allow the firms to increase the future cash flow generation of the firm and hence increase their share prices also.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Incident Reporting in Nursing

Strengths and Weaknesses of Incident Reporting in Nursing Problem based learning. Using the nursing process as a model formulate an action plan by critically analysing the strengths and weaknesses of incident reporting in relation to nursing. Identify reasons for a low level of incident reporting and offer a solution to the problem, eg. awareness of incident reporting procedures, accountability, consequences of not reporting incidents. Include professional, ethical and legal practice as it relates to the role of the nurse: continuing professional development following registration. Introduction Problem solving in nursing is often aligned to the ‘nursing process’, which is the APIE model – assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. Using this structure in problem solving allows the nurse to assess the problem, by gathering information about it, plan how to address the problem, and also plan how to implement change and evaluate the process. It is important to use structured approaches to problem solving which include evaluation so that the problem can be reassessed and actions changed accordingly. In this essay, the problem of low levels of incident reporting in clinical practice will be explored, through a review of the literature, and an action plan will be developed which is in line with the professional, legal and ethical imperatives which underlie nursing practice. It is important to identify the problem carefully, understand the potential reasons for the problem, and then to use this information to plan changes in practice which will allow the problem to be resolved, partially or fully. Discussion Assessment Incident reporting serves a number of purposes within clinical practice. It is part of the risk management process, for example, and is focused on improving patient safety (Wagner et al, 2004). â€Å"Incident reporting captures more contextual information about incidents, and, when actively promoted within the clinical setting, it can detect more preventable adverse events than medical record review† (Evans et al, 2006 p 40). Taylor et al (2004) show that reporting allows for the understanding of and prevention of medical and healthcare errors, and provides data on the occurrence, frequency, types and results of such events. Incident reports however can also be used for â€Å"personnel credentialing and review (Taylor et al, 2004). According to Waring (2005) â€Å"the management of errors requires an acceptance of error with consideration given to the relationship between individual human behaviour and the factors that influence this behaviour† (p 1928). This means that the organisation must be responsive to incident reporting (Waring, 2005). However, incident reporting activities remain at low rates in many clinical areas, or do not report all of the incidents or the range of incidents that occur (Nuckols et al, 2007). There are limitations to what the incident reporting systems seem to be able to achieve in practice. â€Å"The subjective nature of reports, the lack of consistency and validation of incident data classification, and underreporting constrain incident reporting from being used as a reliable epidemiological tool to measure the frequency of events and whether interventions are effective in improving patient safety† (Evans et al, 2006 p 40). What this shows is that incident reporting is a very important aspect of the ongoing surveillance and improvement of healthcare practice. This underreporting may be due to a number of reasons, including a reluctance to admit mistakes or to be seen as being ‘to blame’, because of a sense of vulnerability on the part of nurses and other professionals (Bolsin et al, 2005). Johnstone and Kanitsaki (2006) state that as disciplinary and legal cases against nursing staff show, reporting nursing-related errors carries a risk for the nurses themselves, which is something which should be addressed in relation to promoting better incident reporting. It may also, in relation to medical professionals, be because a sense of medical hegemony which leaves doctors feeling invulnerable (Bolsin et al, 2005). However, the NMC (2008) requires nurses to be accountable for their own practice, to put patient needs and safety at the centre of all their actions, and to strive for the highest possible standards of care. Therefore, incident reporting must form a part of good nursing practice. Even the sense of vulnerability that can come from working in unsupportive clinical environments should not erase the legal obligation to report incidents which have adversely affected patients. Organisational culture may limit the incident reporting of the staff involved (Waring, 2005). Also, misconceptions of what constitutes an error may limit reporting activities (Throckmorton and Etchegaray, 2007). However the literature also suggests other reasons might prevent nurses from reporting adverse clinical incidents, despite the legal, professional and moral imperative to do so. One reason might be that the process of incident reporting is seen as too onerous. â€Å"Traditional narrative methods of documenting adverse incidents are time consuming and may not yield sufficient and accurate data.† (Wagner et al, 2004 p 835). Evans et al (2006) suggest that those incidents which occur most frequently, as well as incidents which are not easy to record using the typical recording systems seen in many clinical areas. Evans et al (2006) in their research found that barriers to incident reporting for doctors included a lack of feedback from reporting incidents previously, the form used taking far too long to complete, along with a belief that the incidents not reported were too trivial to be reported. Nurses, however, although they also found a lack of feedback prevented them reporting incidents, but unlike doctors, they believed that there was no point in reporting near misses, and they quite often forgot to make a report when the ward was too busy (Evans et al, 2006). Incident reporting can be related to specific clinical risks for target populations, groups or clinical areas. For example, incident reporting on falls in elderly care settings is a high priority (Wagner et al, 2004). It is also commonly a priority in relation to medication errors (Handler et al, 2007). The solutions to this problem are potentially diverse. The literature shows that for some clinical areas, for example, changing the documentation to suit the area and the kinds of incidents being reported might improve incident reporting rates and reduce incident rates (Wagner et al, 2004). Thus, providing streamlined, focused documentation might be a solution, but this would have to be quite specific, and some clinical areas might contain too many diverse risks for this. Vogus and Sutcliffe (2007) suggest a more managerial approach to improving incident reporting rates, such as bundling safety organizing with leadership (trust in manager) and design (use of care pathways) factors into nursing practice. Their research suggests that managerial approaches which affect the everyday behaviours of nurses can improve incident reporting (Vogus and Sutcliffe, 2007). Handler et al (2007) in their research showed that organizational-level interventions rather than individual-level interventions improved medication error reporting. Nakajima et al (2005) suggest that incident reporting should form part of patient safety programmes, and suggest the use of a web-based incident reporting system, along with identified staff responsible for incident reporting and support, staff education programmes, and integrated (and varied) feedback mechanisms. They found that this mulit-layered approach helped to improve and support a safety culture, improve multidisciplinary collaboration, and an overall systemic improvement, but that this required strong managerial leadership (Nakajima et al, 2005). Evans et al (2007) also used a similar approach, with identified people at all levels of staffing who supported the process, tailored incident reporting systems, and staff education. Kingston et al (2004) focus on the use of all kinds of supportive approaches and mechanisms to basically motivate staff to report errors. â€Å" Both medical and nursing participants made comments that a more effective and efficient incident reporting system without threat or blame, providing prompt, relevant feedback and driving improvements in health administration, would possibly motivate medical staff to report† (p 38). Pierson et al (2007) state that â€Å"web-based or electronic error reporting systems are particularly effective in increasing the quantity and quality fo reporting and yielding the type of information needed for improving care† (p 297). This would suggest that the use of some kind of electronic system would be an appropriate way of improving incident reporting, although this author believes this might depend on the skills and attitudes of staff concerned. Taylor et al (2004) cite similar findings from their research, suggesting that electronic reporting systems could make it easier and quicker, and state that â€Å"a substantial educational effort, aimed at nurses and, in particular, physicians, about which types of events should be reported and how to report errors is needed† (p 734). Dollarhide et al (2007) show the efficacy of a handheld-based electronic reporting tool for clinical incident reporting, showing that this made reporting much easier and more streamlined , but these would be too costly for the NHS setting. Planning The change that would be needed is summarised below. The change would be planned to incorporate the following elements: Identification of key personnel, including managerial level leaders, and staff across each grade and within each profession, to support the patient safety programme. Development of a mission statement encompassing patient safety protocols and incident reporting processes Development of incident reporting tools for specific incident reports, and an electronic/digital/web-based or email-available general reporting form. Development and implementation of a staff education programme on the new system, and incorporation of training and updating on staff mandatory study days (attended yearly). Development of a range of feedback mechanisms to staff are aware of what happens to the cases that are reported upon. Implementation All of the above activities should be finalised before the change is implemented. The key personnel will help to disseminate the information about the change, and then implement the change, supporting staff constantly as they adjust to the new procedures for reporting. Evaluation Evaluation of the change should be formalised at six monthly intervals for the first two years, but should also be built in to the feedback and reporting mechanisms so that staff themselves are fully involved in the evaluation and can feel that they ‘own’ this aspect of their work. Involving staff at all levels is likely to improve motivation (Evans et al, 2007). Focusing on practical solutions which are effective in this environment means that the evaluation should look at suitability, effectiveness and acceptability by the staff concerned. Conclusion It would appear from this brief review of the literature that in order to improve incident reporting, it is necessary to motivate staff to report. 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