Quantitative Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Quantitative Methods - Assignment Example For computing the month to month costs for the two kinds of home loans first the ostensible financing costs ought to be utilized to ascertain the powerful yearly loan fees. This is finished by utilizing the accompanying equation: I=(1+r/x)^x-1 So as to acquire the compelling yearly rates the Microsoft Excel recipe was utilized: EFFECT(nominal_rate,npery), where nominal_rate is the yearly ostensible rate and npery is the quantity of intensifying times each year. These qualities were determined in Microsoft Excel utilizing the recipe: PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type). Rate is the financing cost of the home loan, Nper is the all out number of reimbursements for the advance, for this situation 300 months (25*12), Pv is the current estimation of the absolute reimbursements that are to be made, Fv is the future worth that one wishes to accomplish after the last reimbursement, for this situation 0 and in conclusion Type shows whether the reimbursement is made toward the start of the month (0) or toward the end (1), for this situation we accept it is made toward the beginning of the month so 0. So as to assess the Interest Only Mortgage alternative we should initially ascertain the powerful yearly financing cost on the store put in the sinking reserve. This will be done similarly with respect to the Repayment Mortgage. The outcomes are introduced in the table beneath: The month to month cost Interest Only home loan comprises of the intrigue paid over the home loan time frame and the sum aggregated in the sinking fund.... epayments for the credit, for this situation 300 months (25*12), Pv is the current estimation of the absolute reimbursements that are to be made, Fv is the future worth that one wishes to accomplish after the last reimbursement, for this situation 0 and in conclusion Type demonstrates whether the reimbursement is made toward the start of the month (0) or toward the end (1), for this situation we expect it is made toward the beginning of the month so 0. So as to assess the Interest Only Mortgage choice we should initially compute the powerful yearly financing cost on the store set in the sinking reserve. This will be done similarly with respect to the Repayment Mortgage. The outcomes are introduced in the table underneath: Ostensible financing cost on store in sinking reserve Number of aggravating periods every year Successful yearly financing cost on store in sinking reserve 5.50% 1 0.055 5.75% 1 0.0575 6.00% 1 0.06 6.25% 1 0.0625 6.50% 1 0.065 6.75% 1 0.0675 7.00% 1 0.07 7.25% 1 0.0725 7.50% 1 0.075 7.75% 1 0.0775 8.00% 1 0.08 8.25% 1 0.0825 8.50% 1 0.085 8.75% 1 0.0825 9.00% 1 0.09 The month to month cost Interest Only home loan comprises of the intrigue paid over the home loan time frame and the sum collected in the sinking reserve. So as to figure the regularly scheduled installment into the sinking store utilizing Excel the PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type) recipe was utilized where rate is the loan cost per period, per is the period, nper is the aggregate sum of installments in the sinking reserve, pv is the current estimation of the home loan, fv is the future worth expected for our situation 0 and type shows when the regularly scheduled installments are expected for this situation we accept that they are made toward the start of the period so we take the worth 1. The outcomes are recorded underneath: Yearly loan cost Number of years in the advance Measure of advance Installment into venture plan 5.50% 25 350000

Tess Fatalism Essay Example For Students

Tess Fatalism Essay Tess FatalismIf composed today, Tess of the durbervilles by Thomas Hardy may have been called Just Call Me Job or Tess: Victim of Fate. All through this frequently grim novel, the peruser is constrained by Tesss condition to identify with the courageous woman (for absence of a superior term) as life gives her blow in the wake of alarming blow. One reason that the peruser can do so might be the fatalistic methodology Hardy has taken with the life of the primary character. Tough composes Tess as a casualty of Fate. This permits the peruser to not reprimand her for the things that occur around her. A significant part of the basic discussion encompassing Tess bases on this very point: Is Tess a casualty? Are the things that happen to Tess outside her ability to control or might she be able to have battled out of her conditions? Even better, could Hardy have kept in touch with her out of her difficulties or did his fatalistic way to deal with the novel power him to at last penance poor Te ss? Further, Is Hardys way to deal with the novel and its primary character genuinely fatalistic? In this exposition, I will investigate these inquiries and the tenet of Fatalism as it applies to Tess. Resignation is characterized in Websters Dictionary as the regulation that everything happen by inescapable need (175). Submission to the inevitable is the possibility that all activities are constrained by Fate, a crude power that exists free of human wills and outside of the controls of intensity of an incomparable being, for example, God since God at last has no force; he is a making of man who allowed Him His capacity. Since He doesnt really have those forces, he is left without the capacity to modify conditions. To put it plainly, in the event that one buys in to this regulation, you accept that Fate controls how things occur and God can do nothing to spare you, even Tess. In general, Tess appears to experience life encountering one negative occasion after another. Critical episo des, caught discussions and undelivered letters neutralize her capacity to control the way her life takes. Tesss future appears bolted up from the earliest starting point of the novel. As the story opens, we initially meet her dad and learn of Tesss heritage: Durbeyfieldare the lineal delegate of the antiquated and gallant group of the dUrbervillesthat famous knight who originated from Normandyif knighthood were genetic, similar to a baronetcyJohn would be Sir John (4). By one way or another the peruser knows very quickly that this information isnt fundamentally going to spare the poor tribe, particularly once we learn of the Fate of Tesss progenitors: Where do we dUrbervilles live? asks Sir John to the parson who reacts, You dont live anyplace. You are terminated (5). On the off chance that one has confidence in the idea of characteristic determination, they most likely acknowledge rather rapidly that this isnt the best family from which to slide. Tess appears to detect her destine d state. This is prove in her relationship with the dUrberville tribe. Instances of this are her capacity to see or hear the dUrberville Coach and her acknowledgment of her likeness to the dUrberville lady of the farmhouse at Wellbridge: Tesss fine highlights were certainly discernible in these misrepresented structures (277). These scary occasions propose that the destined dUrberville blood without a doubt courses through her veins. Another case of Tesss consciousness of being doomed is the point at which she meets Alec. Tess regrets about her destiny: Had she seen this gatherings import she may have inquired as to why she was bound to be seen and changed over that day by an inappropriate man, and not by some other man, the privilege and wanted one in all regards (75). She might not have realized what to call it, however she certainly applies the convention of Fatalism to herself which as per creator Leonard Doob is an indication of an individual who feels destined: When the chief is making a decision about himself for this situation, herself and accepts that destiny is influencing him, his recognition is normally immediate: he introspects, thinks, or contemplates. In any case, he may react in a roundabout way when another person, an onlooker,, gives him data about himselfFatalism by a head, in this manner, is a negative certainty convention applied by him about himself to himself (7). In the event that Tess didnt start life feeling as if Fate was neutralizing her, there are a lot of episodes which could without much of a stretch persuade her: the demise of the family horse in view of her carelessness, the letter of admission that slipped underneath the floor covering and made her go into marriage as a trickery, the passing of her dad, and the arrival of Angel just past the point of no return. Many episodes appear to highlight just a single thing: Tess was not intended to have a cheerful presence. So does Tess accept that God can spare her? All through the no vel, we see Tess moving endlessly from God. She is shocked by the fervent sign-painter cautioning of punishment and discloses to him that his lessons are horriblecursingkilling declining to accept that God expressed such things (97). Afterward, understanding that God cannot support her, Tess implores Angel admitting her new religion in a letter: It has been so much my religion since the time we were hitched to be devoted to you in each idea and look (127). Indeed, even Angel appears to be mindful that God wont spare Tess, thinking as he left, But, may some say, where was Tesss gatekeeper heavenly attendant? Where was the fortune of her straightforward confidence? Maybe, similar to that other lord of whom the unexpected Tishbite talked, he was talking, or he was seeking after, or he was in an excursion, or he was resting and not to be awaked (..93). Different characters appear to get tied up with Fate also. At the dairy, Angel picks Tess over different dairymaids who love Angel as mu ch as she does, yet the dairymaids cannot be distraught at Tess on the grounds that it is Fate which has settled on the decision: Are you certain you dont detest me for it? said Tess in a low voiceI dont knowI dont know, mumbled Retty Priddle. I need to loathe ee; however I can't! That is the manner by which I feel, resounded Izz and Marian (12). Presently we go to the topic of whether Hardy could have spared Tess or on the off chance that he accepted that Fate had decided his decisions. There were risks all through the novel for Hardy to offer Tess a reprieve and give her a break. He decided not to do as such. Pundit Arnold Kettle consider this to be as a need: Tesss passing is imaginatively as inescapable as JulietsShe is facing a social circumstance that she can do nothing to determine aside from sadly, with radical human misfortune (23). It appears that if Hardy somehow happened to have been consistent with his craft, he had no real option except to execute poor Tess. It would b e a mistake in analysis, be that as it may, to guarantee doubtlessly that Fate is the key player in Tesss end. Truth be told, It is very simple to contend the opposite side of the coin. Hardys capitulation to the inevitable is very imperfect. When absolutely necessary, he frequently depends on incident to additionally pound Tess: Alec appearing at spare Tess after the gathering; his return as minister; the letter sneaking by the floor covering; Angel slugging a man that turns up later as Tesss chief. One could contend this is every one of the a piece excessively advantageous. Pundit Dorothy Van Ghent appears to concur saying, We have all perused or heard analysis of Hardy for his unreasonable dependence upon occurrence in the administration of his narrativeshe seems, by all accounts, to be an excess of the puppeteer working wires or strings to cause occasions to comply with his skeptical and fatalistic thoughts (56). Tough eventually plays God in a novel where God is missing and tos ses negative conditions in places where they might not have been without his control. However, you despite everything need to concede, overall, our poor Tess still appears to be very destined. So is Tess and at last Hardy answerable for the things that happen to our courageous woman or is there something bigger neutralizing her? Pundit Leon Waldoff composes that It appears to be difficult to peruse the novel with a total dismissal of the possibility that Tess is by one way or another answerable for her fateThe portrayal is wherever buttressed by words, for example, damned, ordained, and destined. In any case, the basic connecting is never made and one stays questionable concerning why Tesss destiny is inescapable (135). That snapshot of uncertainty and the uncertain inquiry is the place the contention of Fatalism in Tess gains its energy. One point that I feel must be made. Some contend, including my individual schoolmates, that it was fate that unite Alec and Tess. I would contend that it isn't predetermination however Fate. Regularly utilized as an equivalent word for predetermination, Fate varies somewhat yet fundamentally from the possibility of fate. Writer Leonard Doob clarifies in his book, Inevitability, the contrast between the ideas: destiny is related with fate, which typically has a similar negative connotationthere can be no delay that the head with a deadly sickness will gave a negative experienceDestiny, then again, frequentlyagain in no way, shape or form alwayssuggests favorable luck and is herewith alloted a relationship with beneficial outcome (7). I figure we would all be able to concur that Tess experiences an inadequacy of favorable luck so it must be Fate, not fate, that keeps on giving her a losing hand. There will in all likelihood never be concession to Tesss and Hardys capacity to change the result of the novel. Not ever truly covering his blemishes profoundly, Hardy appears to challenge the idea that the imperfections were fundament al and loan themselves to the books meaningfulness. Pundit Dorothy Van Ghent bolsters this thought composing that Hardy has, with extraordinary shrewd, strengthened the need of the people capitulation to the inevitable, and society magicTheir reasoning and their abilities in livingare indestructible, their perspectives toward occasions legitimately ask a comparative passivity upon the peruser, inducing him to an innovative acknowledgment of the doomrwrought arrangement of mishaps in the frontal area of activity (57). Apparently Hardy purposefully left uncertainty as to Tesss playing into Fate or on the off chance that she is playing against it. In any case, that is the reason the novel despite everything gets the peruser like a decent drama. Tough, through his Fatalistic methodology, conjures compassion and worry for poor Tess that keeps the peruser turning each page in short of breath expectation for whats next. Discussion as we will, it can not be

17 Tips for Improving Your Memory

17 Tips for Improving Your Memory Do you have a good memory or a bad one?How good is good and how bad is bad?If you occasionally forget where you parked your car because you were in a hurry to get to the office, then your memory loss may be normal. As long as it is not happening often.But if you forget the names of close friends you have related with for years, then you have a bad memory. If you just met someone but after a few minutes can’t remember their name, you have poor memory.In the context of meeting new people, the more they are the more difficult it is to remember their names. Also, if you were not very attentive or got distracted, you may not remember the names you were told. This is normal.What differentiates the degree of memory loss is the frequency of the experience and how soon you forget after doing something.It is very normal to forget something you did a long time ago. But if you just did it a few minutes ago and cannot remember it, then something is wrong. Don’t be discouraged though. We are h ere to help you with that.As bad a condition as memory loss is, the situation is actually quite redeemable. Things can get better if you put some effort. A few changes here and there and you will be back on track remembering all the important things.This articles is however not just for those suffering from memory loss. If you have good memory, you can make it better. There will be more to celebrate with an improving memory.It is also necessary to remind you that none of us is growing younger. And with every passing year, month, day, hour and even second, you are growing older. That means your memory is deteriorating. You cannot stop this but you can at least reduce the rate of your memory decline.TIPS FOR IMPROVING YOUR MEMORYJust as you can get healthier due a better lifestyleâ€"diet, exercises etcâ€"so can you become better at remembering things. And if you are diligent, your peers will seem to be aging faster than you. So how do you improve your memory?Let’s dive straight into it.1. Cut back on alcoholAlcohol is not all poison but if not taken in moderation, it becomes poisonous. The euphoric feeling you get after taking alcohol is a result of the drink crossing the blood-brain barrier and causing the release of “feel-good” chemicals.As good as alcohol makes you feel, it also causes addiction and this is where your memory suffers. Before you say that you’re not addicted, consider what is defined as safe drinking levels.According to dietary guidelines 2015-2020, moderate alcohol consumption is defined as 1 drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men. Just to be sure, one drink is described as containing 14 g (0.6 fl oz) of pure alcohol.Problems arise when you indulge in high-risk drinking. This is defined as taking 4 drinks or more per day or 8 drinks per week for women and 5 drinks or more per day or 15 drinks per week for men. It therefore goes without saying that if you’re the so-called party animal, you’re quite at risk.Part of high -risk drinking is binge drinking (4 or more drinks for women and 5 or more drinks for men within about 2 hours). This has been shown to mainly start in the teen and young adult phase of life and the effects on memory are clear.In a study conducted on 155 first-year university students, it was found that those who engaged in binge drinking had problems recalling information. More than that, the problem remained persistent over time.As if that’s not bad enough, abandoning the habit did not lead to immediate improvement of memory. Improvements could only be experienced if the change was maintained for a long period of time.Do you want a better memory? Keep alcohol under control. If you don’t take alcohol, then stay away from it.2. Reduce your sugar intakeSugar is sweet and as you may know, it’s usually used for a quick dose of energy. Whereas you may feel energized after drinking soda, you may be unknowingly lowering your cognitive power.For some time, scientists have known that high-energy diets have two major negative effects: they lead to obesity and an impaired memory. According to research, impaired memory comes as a result to inflammation on brain areas which are crucial for memory.A study done showed the contribution of sugar towards this result. When sugar levels rise in the bloodstream, risks of inflammation in the hippocampus increase. The hippocampus is the area of your brain associated with among other things, emotions and long-term memory.And that’s not all. If you take too much sugar, you will be on your way to Alzheimer’s disease even before you get to the age usually associated with it.3. Deviate from routinesComfort zone. Comfort zone. Comfort zone. It is always easier to choose comfort over discomfort; safety over uncertainty; security over insecurity. This is because your body is wired to keep you safe so any threat or possible struggles are frowned upon.But did you know this hinders the growth of your cognitive abilities? Your brain learns better when exposed to new environments. That is why back in school, the lesson conducted outdoors stayed in your memory longer than those conducted in familiar groundsâ€"class.Changing the environment is thought to activate the part of the brain called the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA). The SN/VTA has functional links to the hippocampus and amygdala and due to the emotional arousal of new environments, learning is more effective.With your brain “feeling good” about the new environment, you not only remember what you learned but are also motivated to learn some moreâ€"in a new environment.How do you change your environment?Decide to work from a different office location. Change the set up of your desk. Take a different route to work and back home. If you always drive, decide to walk on some of the days. BUT taking your work home is not changing the environment.Now you know why working outdoors is good for you.4. Grab some oily fishOily fish are known to be one of the most nutritious foods in the world. They are tasty and more importantly, nutritious. When we talk of nutrition and memory, we are specifically talking about the tried and tested benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids.Oily fish have the beneficial Omega-3 fatty acids. These fats are called essential because they are needed in your body yet you can’t produce them in enough quantities. There are three main ones: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).ALA can be attained from plant sources such as walnuts, flaxseeds, soybeans, pumpkin seeds, canola oil etc. Once in your body, this is converted into EPA or DHA for it to become useful. The problem is that the human body is not very efficient in this process. Solution? Get EPA and DHA directly from food sources.EPA and DHA are highly available through fatty fish like tuna, salmon, mackerel, sardines etc. Not all are the same however due to their mercury content. High mercury levels are dangerous and so you need to check the fish you’re eating.Research has indicated that the absence of omega-3 fatty acids in your diet leads to a faster degradation of your brain’s functioning. Tests done on 1,575 subjects proved that those low in DHA had lower brain volumes. Moreover, they scored lower in tests of memory, problem-solving and multi-tasking.At the same time, more DHA and EPA proved to improve working memory. Subjects supplemented daily with DHA and EPA for six months performed 23% better in a memory recall test.5. Learn just before going to bedDid you know that the time of learning is crucial to remembering things? Of course you cannot have all learning take place just before you sleep. But if you have something important like a speech or exam coming, you can make use of this tip.Research has shown that when memories are encoded (the first step of creating memories), they are fragile and susceptible to disruptions by stimulus interference. When sleep occurs so on after the encoding, memory consolidation for these memories is better.Another study tested the ability to recall faces from memory. Some participants reviewed the photos before sleeping for eight hours while others reviewed them in the morning. After 12 hours of study, those who reviewed the photos before bedtime had better recall rates.As you shift the time you study important material, ensure you also get enough sleep.6. Get enough sleepSleeping helps your body replenish worn tissues so that you’re fresh the following day. But sleeping also helps with your memory. It is during sleep that memory gets consolidated. Consolidation is the process of converting short-term memory into long-term memory.Short-term memory is usually low in duration and limited in capacity. Long-term memory on the other hand is indefinite. Whatever you store in your long-term memory will be there for a very long time.It is generally agreed by scientists that sleep is important for memory formation and r ecall. But the question is, how much sleep is enough?Sleep needs vary by individual. Factors like age, health and lifestyle have an impact on how long you will sleep. The circadian rhythm, which is your natural sleep/wake cycle, regulates your body’s sleep times and will prompt you when it’s time to sleep.The average sleeping that is recommended for adults is 8 hours. The age differences however mean that this is not for everyone. The National Sleep Foundation has a sleep guide for the duration of sleep recommended for different age groups.Watch the below video to get a deeper understanding of how sleeping benefits your memory. Many people have sleep debt that has accumulated over several days of sleeping less than required. This debt is like a credit card balance that has to be paid eventually. But paying it in bulk over the weekend is usually not the best way of doing it.Just make changes in your lifestyle by following these tips for better sleep and you will reap the memory b enefits as well as the rest your body needs.7. Physical exercise is keyPhysical exercises are good for your whole body. And when you work out at the gym and see your muscles tone and grow bigger, you definitely like it. This helps in many ways including building your self-confidence.As you exercise, your brain also gets to develop in ways that your memory benefits. In a study done at the University of British Columbia, researchers found that aerobic exercises brought about a boost in the size of the hippocampus.The hippocampus is the are of the brain which is involved in verbal memory and learning. The researchers also noted that the exercises have to be regular for the benefits to be realized.Generally, the recommendation for aerobic activity is at least 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity a week. Strength training did not provide the same results. Weightlifters should therefore include some aerobics in their schedule to enjoy these benefits.8. Drink lots of waterWater is really life and your body needs it. More specifically, your brain needs water. By itself, your brain is composed of 73% water and when you experience dehydration, things start going wrong.Your brain is what controls basically everything in your body, including your heart. As much as your brain needs blood to function, it is your brain that directs the operations of your heart. For example, unless you have narrowed arteries, your brain controls blood pressure during times of “fight or flight.”That aside, dehydration has serious effects on your brain. Just 2% dehydration impairs brain performance. The effects get to your attention span, psychomotor and immediate memory skills.It is encouraging to know that the research which identified these results noted that dehydration from moderate physical exercise did not have an impact on long-term memory. You will therefore do well to exercise and take water to stay safe.9. Quit smokingEver read the warning on the ci garette pack saying that smoking is harmful to your health? As ironic as that may be, you better believe it.Nicotine, the substance in cigarette that causes addiction, is linked with some cognitive functions. This is why when you smoke, you may feel alert. Nicotine also stimulates the brain to make you feel good due to the release of dopamine. But what are the effects?A study done to investigate the impact of cigarette smoking on memory and sleep showed that smokers have impaired memory and poor sleep quality. The good news is that quitting has proven to be able to reverse the effects to some degree.Another study found that people who had quit smoking for 2.5 years recorded a 25% better functioning memory than those who still smoked.If you decide to quit smoking, which is a good move, see your doctor so he can help you fight nicotine withdrawal. Keep an upbeat mood knowing that you did the best thing for yourself and those around you.10. Enjoy the sunThe sun provides light and heat. But in there, is also an important vitamin for your brain’s functioning. That vitamin is Vitamin D. Since it naturally comes from the sun, people living in colder climates rarely have enough of it from the sun. They therefore have to take Vitamin D supplements.This vitamin has for a long time been known to help in forming strong bones through promoting the absorption of calcium. However, with studies confirming the relationship between this vitamin and cognitive abilities, then it is important to keep your levels in check.Researchers have found that levels of vitamin D are usually low in many adults and they normally lose their memory and thinking abilities faster. Coupled with the growing number of studies associating low vitamin D levels with Alzheimer’s disease, then it becomes necessary to bask some more.A meta-analysis of several studies was conducted to ascertain the connection between vitamin D deficiency and dementia. It found that the people with low levels of Vitamin D were certainly at higher risks of experiencing dementia.You can get your levels tested and consult your doctor on the need to take supplements. All the same, if you can get it from the natural source, why not enjoy the sun?11. Take more dark chocolateWe all love chocolate, although we at times are made to feel guilty of over-indulging. But no more. Chocolate is good. One of the quickest results you will feel after taking chocolate is the improved mood. But did you know there is more you can get?When you take dark chocolate, you stand to gain more benefits than good moods. For your memory’s sake, the flavonoids found in cacao are the cause of the benefits. A recent study revealed that the higher the cacao content in the chocolate, the more the benefits on cognition, memory and even immunity.But just take note that this is dark chocolate being talked about.Dark chocolate is chocolate with at least 70% cacao in it. This will rarely be your favorite unless you are determined to mine the benefits. This type of chocolate is quite bitter in taste when compared to the other types. The high percentage of cacao means that only 30% of the bar is milk, sugar and fat.Are you willing to trade some sweetness for your memory?12. Exercise your brainYou hit the gym to work out your muscles and your brain gets some of the benefits. But did you know you can have even more benefits for your brain by training it directly?Referred to as cognitive training, your brain’s working in regards to memory, concentration, problem-solving, learning abilities, vocabulary and thinking speed could be greatly improved. Research has shown that cognitive training makes an old brain function like a younger one.One way cognitive training is achieved is through mental exercises. These can be question and answer games, crossword puzzles or other more common ones which target specific aspects of your brain’s functioning. Apart from the fun, these games provide real brain improvement.Generally, t he games are easy to play as they are usually available on newspapers e.g. crosswords, sudoku etc. Others can be easily accessed in the form of mobile phone games or online games.In the below video, you will get to learn some easy and fun games which will help improve your brain power. 13. Use mnemonic devicesMnemonic devices are techniques used to help you remember things. These have been in use for a very long time. Although you may not have known their names up until now, you definitely have used one.If you have a list of things you want to remember, for example your shopping list, you can write the items on a piece of paper. But if you want to go paperless and improve your mind, then one of these will surely help.From methods such as chunking, musical mnemonics, using acronyms and rhymes, mnemonics help you recall the information encoded in your brain. But how exactly do they work?These techniques help you remember by forming associations in your brain. Depending on the techniqu e used, your brain uses some associations it has created to point to what needs to be remembered.For example, one technique called the method of loci has been shown to help in improving student performance in assessments. Another study was conducted and it proved that this same mnemonic device could function like natural memory.14. Never stop learningThis is a very natural and effective tip. It’s so natural that you may not even have noticed using it. Have you ever noticed differences between the schooled and unschooled? Those who only managed to attend elementary school compared to those who graduated from universities?The more you learn, the more you remember things. This is because your brain knows that you need what you learn. Automatically, it will store it in your short-term memory ready for access. But since your short-term memory gets erased quickly, it becomes important to learn again.Your brain grows by creating new connections between brain cells and this is where your memory benefits. When you learn something new, your brain associates it with what you have already learned. As a result, when you need to recall the information, your brain just looks to what it already has and the link to the new information facilitates the recall.15. Reduce your phone’s usageThe number of smartphone users has been growing at impressive rates. This is a good thing because life has to get simpler. But when life gets so easy that simple calculations are done using phone apps, then there’s a problem. Your brain’s processing power and memory are getting wasted away.From phone numbers to appointments, birthdays to the doctor’s schedule, all these are stored in your phone. You now trust your phone more than your own memory. Whereas you could claim that your phone has better memory, you can be sure that the over-reliance has worsened your own memory.Is it a wonder that people go crazy when they lose their phones? Not because of the cost of the phone but the value of information it contains. Fortunately, there are backup solutions. But are these really solutions you should embrace considering that they are just encouraging you not to use your brain?Kaspersky Lab conducted a study on digital amnesia. Digital amnesia is whereby you forget the information that you have entrusted to a digital device. You deem the information as not worth keeping in memory because you can always retrieve it from the device.From a UK study, Kaspersky Lab reports some very disturbing statistics. 71% of smartphone users cannot recall the phone numbers of their children while 49% cannot recall that of their partners.Put simply, your phone makes your brain lazy. And it is your brain that stores information. Why not decide today to take back the power you gave your phone?16. Add cinnamon to your dietNot willing or ready for some of the solutions given above? At least there’s an easy one. Cinnamon.Cinnamon is a great spice that is used by many to aid in weight loss and the treatment of colds. Various cinnamon tea recipes are available to help you enjoy the spice. But is that all you can get from cinnamon?Cinnamon consumption has been linked with improved memory. A study done on mice indicates that the improvement is so great that poor-learning mice could find the right hole in a maze in 60 seconds after 1 month of cinnamon intake. Before cinnamon, they used 150 seconds to find the right hole.It was discovered that when cinnamon was ingested, it enhanced the integrity of brain cells. Also, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of this spice give you more reasons to take cinnamon.Something to note: these benefits are a result of sodium benzoate which is produced when cinnamon is broken down in your body. Although there were some fears that sodium benzoate may have negative effects, the US FDA found these fears to be unwarranted because the amounts consumed are very low.Also, when shopping for cinnamon, the researchers advise that it is b est to buy the Ceylon or Sri Lanka variety.17. Always tell the truthAnother natural tip. This one may sound a bit odd but truly works. It is evidenced by the problems liars face when trying to recall the information they lied about.Many say that you can lie to everyone except yourself and God. No more. You certainly can’t lie to God but to yourself you can. Many instances of lying have been documented in law courts when victims and offenders lie to avoid giving away incriminating information.But some years later after the whole matter is settled and done with, some may come out to speak the truth. What happens? They may tell the truth about much of what happened but some lies will still prevail. How come?Lies have been shown to affect memory in regards to the details of the events which took place. Whereas the big details will be intact, the smaller details will have gotten altered.These people may either completely forget some details or falsely remember details which never exist ed. Their brains will have “believed” the lie and now cannot remember the real truth.For all the efforts you will put towards improving your memory, won’t it be better to complement them by sticking to the truth?CONCLUSIONGo ahead and practice these tips for a better memory. And do not forget to share them with your friends.

Elvis Presleys Influence on American Culture Essay

Elvis Presley is one of the biggest names in rock and roll. Singer, musician and actor he was an American icon. He is best known as the King of Rock and Roll. His musical influence included the country and pop music of the time, the gospel music he sang in church and the black RB music he listened to as a teenager (Comprehensive History of Elvis Presley’s Dynamic Life). Elvis has influenced American culture not only while he was living but also in today’s 21st century. It wasn’t easy for him to be accepted; in fact many adults and the older generations of his time were appalled by his performances and his music. In time though, people were able to accept him and he became well-known all over the world. Even after his death Americans are†¦show more content†¦After graduating in 1953 from L.C. Humes High School in Memphis, Elvis worked many jobs to pursue his musical dream (biography.com). Later that year he cut his first demo record at Sun Records, and no t long after that the record label owner and producer was impressed by the emotion in Presley’s voice and decided to help Presley pursue his dream of becoming a musical star (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame). In 1954 Elvis recorded â€Å"That’s All Right Mama,† it became his first commercial release selling 20,000 copies (Elvis Aron Presley). This began Elvis’s legendary rise to fame. After five cutting-edge singles, Elvis’s contract was sold to RCA Records and then his career rapidly took off (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame). His first number one single was â€Å"Heartbreak Hotel,† and his first album was Elvis Presley (biography.com). By 1956 Presley was an international sensation. Although many of the teenagers of Elvis’s time was very intrigued by his diverse musical styles, sexy dance moves and good looks, much of the older generations were outraged by his gyrating hips and music (biography.com). One of Elvis’s most controversial i nstances was on the Ed Sullivan Show where he sang â€Å"Hound Dog,† for the first time on television (Comprehensive History of Elvis Presley’s Dynamic Life). He was already considered to be a rebel and no one knew whatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Berry s The King 1169 Words   |  5 Pagesreflect and emphasize why society chose Presley over Berry to be remembered as King. If these challenges would have been eliminated Presley would not be famous today and Chuck Berry would be called the King. America was not ready to idolize an African American due to Chuck Berry, but because of discovering the â€Å"king† Berry was not needed in society and was convicted and thrown away. While these men had to face different challenges, and were given different opportunities, they both had one thing in common:Read MoreEssay on Elvis Presley and African American Music1667 Words   |  7 Pagesagreed on Elvis.† (Bangs 1) Elvis not only made significant contributions to the music industry, but he became the most famous idol across the world and in the U.S.A. Elvis Presley was regarded as one of most influential rock n’ roll performers of the century. If you say â€Å"The King of Rock† everyone will automatically know you are talking about Elvis Presley. Through his music, Elvis paved the road for African Americans to the music world, and he had essentially revolutionized American society andRead MoreHow Elvis Influenced And Changed The Entertainment Industry Of Rock N Roll Era1408 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to appropriately analyze the question of â€Å"How Elvis influenced and changed the entertainment industry of Rock ‘n’ Rol l† the reader must first clearly define and understand the timing and age of the development of his musical career as well as the characteristics of his music. When attempting to clearly understand the implications of his influence on the era, the reader must fully comprehend his early life and the development of his musical career, the type of music he portrayed to his audienceRead MoreElvis Presley : The King Of Rock And Roll1674 Words   |  7 PagesElvis Presley, though having a troubled childhood would not have expected anything that headed his way; He was a normal child whose family was struggling to make ends meet. His father was incarcerated for doing illegal activities, making difficult for young Presley to wish for something more. As he grew up, Presley was involved in the schools singing service and had participated in the fair singing contest winning second place; thus showing Elvis’s love for singing. Despite after graduation, he simplyRead MoreThe Musical Influences On The Beatles : The Beatles1644 Words   |  7 Pagesany musical influences the Beatles that helped shaped the Beatles as a whole and individually. These influences aided in the development in the Beatles and to them becoming one of the most well-known bands of the world. Just some of the musical influences on the Beatles were rock and roll, Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, and Holly Berry. Firstly, the Beatles were heavily influenced by rock and roll king, Elvis Presley. Very early on John Lennon had become infatuated with Elvis’ lifestyleRead MoreRock ‘N’ Roll Music Has Widely Influenced Music And Society1882 Words   |  8 Pagesemerging youth culture of the generation. It influenced artists whether black or white to come into the mainstream music. Famous artists still remembered today also influenced rock and roll. Those pioneers helped change the musical norms and the overall history of music. White rock ‘n’ rollers helped build a ladder for black artists to come into the scene. It was certain that rock ‘n’ roll made it possible for greater acceptance, appreciation and a wider audience for black culture. Going back toRead MoreElvis Presleys Influene on American Culture1050 Words   |  4 PagesElvis Presley’s Influence on American Culture Elvis Presley sold more than one billion records worldwide about 40% of that was outside the United States. He holds the record for the most gold, platinum and multi-platinum certifications of any artist in history. Elvis also holds 149 charting pop singles,114 top 40’s, 40 top Tens and 18 Number Ones. The remainder of this essay will looks at how Elvis, through his music career, had a major impact on culture. This new culture that was to emerge inRead MoreEssay about The Cultural Change of Music1089 Words   |  5 Pages The popular culture of music has changed dramatically over the course of sixty five years. Since this time, new genres of music have been introduced, existing genres have changed, and fixed stereotypes have been associated with certain genres of music. Music has become a major part of popular culture, and is portrayed almost everywhere in first world societies, including on television, radio, at shopping centers, sporting events and in every area of popular culture. Music has become a majorRead MoreElvis s Impact On Popular Culture1741 Words   |  7 PagesElvis’s Impact on Popular Culture The foundations of today’s popular music were built by an unlikely source: a poor white boy from Tupelo, Mississippi. Elvis Presley’s country roots would become a major factor in his success as the King of Rock and Roll. While it is true that Elvis was not the inventor of rock and roll music, he was the first man to introduce postwar youth to the genre that would revolutionize American culture. The role Elvis Presley played in the evolution of popular music is unprecedentedRead MoreA Nation that was Rocked: How The Ed Sullivan Show Contributed to the Success of Elvis Presley1584 Words   |  7 Pagessmall town artist and make he or she into an enormous success, specifically, Elvis Presley who was, â€Å"something new under the Sun† (Altschuler 30). Teenagers, however, viewed the television as an escape and a look into the unknown and intriguing world of African American culture. Through the extreme recognition of The Ed Sullivan Show, the power of mass media and the fascination with African American culture, Elvis Presley’s success skyrocketed and made him one of the most famous performers of all time

The Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) - 1513 Words

The Human Resource Management (HRM) plays a vital role in the workplace for employees and employer. Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used efficiently and in alignment with an organization s goals. Every company has its strategic plan; it includes the administration s long- and short-term goals, and it also includes the procedures for deciding how to allocate organizational resources to achieve these objectives. According to our text, â€Å"Strategic HRM is the link between strategic planning and HRM. It incorporates HRM strategies and policies to achieve organizational goals while meeting employees and stakeholders needs† (Youssef, 2012). The primary functions of human†¦show more content†¦Safety/Health/Wellness develops accident prevention strategies; develops legal safety and health policies; implements/promotes the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and wellness programs; develops AIDS and subs tance abuse policies. EEO/Affirmative Action develops and administers affirmative action programs; helps resolve EEO disputes; monitors organizational practices with regard to EEO compliance; develops policies for ensuring EEO compliance, such as sexual harassment policies. HRM Research conducts research studies, such as cost-benefit analysis, test validation, program evaluation, and feasibility studies. Work and Family Programs develops and administers work and family programs including flextime, alternative work scheduling, dependent-care assistance, telecommuting, and other programs designed to accommodate employee needs; identifies and screen child- or elder-care providers; administers employer s private dependent-care facility; promotes work and family programs to employees. Translate the manners, mores, and business practices of other nations and cultures for American business people. Other cross-cultural trainers work with relocated employees families,

Creative Product Promotion Describe the Promotional Mix Free Essays

(a) Describe the promotional mix used by two selected organisations for a selected product/service. Coca-Cola Founded in 1886 by pharmacist Dr John S Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia, The CocaCola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and produces nearly 400 brands. www. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Product Promotion Describe the Promotional Mix or any similar topic only for you Order Now coca-cola. co. uk/about-us/introducing-our-business. html Coca-Cola was invented by Dr John Stith Pemberton and first went on sale at Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia and these days Coca-Cola is the world’s most favourite and most profitable drink from 1886. PROMOTIONAL MIX Advertising – Coca-Cola uses one of the most modern and popular advertising. Christmas advertisment most popular and Coca-Cola uses Santa Clause because he is with red suit and a white beard and he did not always look that way as Coca-Cola advertising shaped him like that. They use different types of advertising such as: * Print ads * Radio * Television * Billboards * Banners * Brochures * Signs * In-store displays * Posters * Web Pages * Motion Pictures Personal selling – Coca-Cola Corporation avoids personal selling but in case of large store and hotels etc. t does use personal selling. The sale officers contact the owners and sell their products directly to owners. Sales promotion – Sale promotion is very important because it can help to increase sales in a competitive market and thus, increase profits also it will help to sell all the existing stocks and there are many more advantages but not only for the company because consumers gets the pro duct at a cheaper rate. The different types of sale promotions that Coca-Cola uses: Associated essay: Corporate Product Or Service Communications Buy one get one free – long time ago Coca-Cola used buy 2L get 1L free and they found that this is not as effective as â€Å"buy one get one free† therefore from now on they are using this technique. Media – Coca-Cola always used this technique as it was most popular and profitable at the same time. To explain what is media it is a special code or message that can be found on the back of the cap and they used two different methods for that. First was more profitable way which was putting there codes and you had to send message or call a number shown to enter a lucky draw with various prizes. Second was putting messages on back of the cap where you could win another bottle of Coke instantly. Last but not least they used Joint Promotion – this is getting more and more popular. Coke is having a promotion from McDonalds, Dominos, KFC, Burger King and many other places, because for example Dominos might have a special offer when you buy a pizza you get a bottle of coke free. Public relations – The Coca-Cola has come up with a great public relations plan to use social media like Twitter and Facebook to convey their views on the environment and the actions they are taking. With campaigns like the Polar Bear campaign they started to integrate social media into their public relations. Also Coca-Cola reduced the percent of plastic in product bottling and made bottles recyclable. Direct Marketing is a channel-agnostic form of advertising that allows businesses and nonprofits to communicate straight to the customer, with advertising techniques such as mobile messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, online display ads, fliers, catalog distribution, promotional letters, and outdoor advertising. Corporate image Coca-Cola has a good corporate image although they had problems with the content of the coca-cola as it was containing a lot of sugar, caramel color, caffeine and it made it very addictive therefore Coca-cola had to reduce amounts of bad ingredients. As you can see from this chart it shows nutrition information and GDA of 500ml of Coca-Cola it clearly shows that 1L of Coca-cola would exceed GDA of sugar if consumed in one day. Corporate image may also be considered as the sixth aspect of promotion mix. The Image of an organization is a crucial point in marketing. If the reputation of a company is bad, consumers are less willing to buy a product from this company as they would have been, if the company had a good image. Sponsorship is sometimes added as an seventh aspect. Direct Marketing Coca-Cola does not use direct marketing techniques although they could consider using direct marketing techniques such as mobile messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, fliers and outdoor advertising Sponsorship – Coca-Cola is proud to have a long history of sponsoring major events such as American Idol, NBA and even more London Olympics Games, not even they get a good advertising from those events but moreover they are even making profit, and what is better than getting advertising for free. McDonalds Happy Meal Advertising – they advertise diffrent times of the day, they also put toys in happy meal that is related to popular movies. â€Å"Happy meal† comes in the box hat has games and colorful images and even more they even have a website that is represented in â€Å"happy meal† and animation around it. Coorparate image – McDonalds had bad coorparate images until they started to recycle bags and they also added healthy menu, happy meals over time is increasing its demand as kids likes to get a toy with their meal and also its a good choice of meal. Direct Marketing – McDonalds uses direct marketing through the parents to the children to sell happy meal, also they sell it via drive-through by offering â€Å"Happy Meal†. Personal selling – McDonalds uses personal selling and staff which are appointed for personal selling they are the one who perform the activities regarding selling up of goods to customers and almost every time if you order something one of the staff members will ask you do you want fries or drink with that and if someone comes with the kid they will offer happy meal for them. Sales promotion – McDonalds uses sales promotion through organizing various contests, programs, functions and promoting different choice of products in the happy meal. Also they uses their happy meal box to advertise latest movies and a lot of different events that children finds it attractive. Sponsorship – No one expected, but 2012 McDonald’s was the biggest sponsorship for London Olympics Games and from my view of point that was a very smart move, because they made a lot of profit out of it, because they was selling their fast-food during Olympics and moreover they had so much advertising that just increased their market share and even improved their corporate image. Publicly and public relationship –yes they have healthy opton adn they are part of the olympics Public relations – McDonald’s are improving their public relations over the years and their â€Å"Happy Meal† is favourite choice for the kids. To improve their public relations McDonald’s have created their â€Å"Facebook† and â€Å"Twitter† pages also they setup and YouTube channel to keep the customers updated with the latest products and promotions. Recommendations McDonalds In my opinion McDonalds should still try to improve their corporate image, because they had a lot of bad stories about their business that their food contains bad ingredients that are dangerous for your health so in order to do that they could decrease fat content and try to add more healthy options in their menu. Another good recommendation would be more choises in happy meal such as different burgers or drinks. All in all McDonalds is a strong brand and these recommendations would not affect them a lot, but still too maximise profit and customer satisfaction they must follow every single smart recommendation possible. Coca-Cola Coca-Cola had a lot of bad stories in past and a lot of them has to do with business ethics and not being environmentally friendly therefore they made their corporate image bad for a while, and some people still remember those things. In order to improve their corporate image Coca-Cola should try to be more energy efficient, recycle more of their products, make more events and charities, create new products and keep their products at competitive price. All in all coke is most popular soft drink in the world and it going to stay for a long time if they keep doing good job. How to cite Creative Product Promotion Describe the Promotional Mix, Essay examples

Internet/World Wide Web free essay sample

Chapter 2 is all about the internet; it is the worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using a standard set of communication protocols called TCP/IP or transmission control protocol/internet protocol. It is a network of networks that is made up of millions of private, public, commercial, academic, and government networks from local to global scope. The Web is a way to access information over the medium of the Internet. The Web also utilizes the use of browsers such as Internet Explorer, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Dolphin and Opera. They are used to access data such as photos, videos, movies, games, music and text. The Internet access is a service that provides access to the global system of interconnected computer networks known as the Internet. Public places that use internet include libraries, cafe, schools, lounge, hotels, malls, coffee shops, airport halls and many more. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet/World Wide Web or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The different types of communication are thru Electronic Mail or E-mail, Instant Messaging, Social Networking, Blogging, Microblog, and Wiki. E-mail is a method of exchanging digital messages from a sender to a receiver. Instant Messaging is a form of communication over the internet that offers an immediate transmission of text based messages from a sender to another in any part of the globe. Social-Networking is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people who share interest and activities. Blogging is a mixture of what is happening in a person’s life. It is another term for online diary. Microblog is a type of blog that allows users to publish short text updates. Bloggers can usually use a number of services for updates including instant messaging, e-mail, or Twitter. Wiki is a type of service that allows users to freely create and edit what is written in the web. Search engines are web sites or software that searches the Internet for documents while a Metasearch engines are specialized search engines that are selective about what it would search around the web. E-commerce is the act of buying and selling goods or services over the internet. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. It is also known as E-Business. E-Commerce Business Models are Business-to-business (B2B), Business-to-consumer (B2C) and Consumer-to-consumer (C2C). Online payment refers to a transaction in the online exchange of fund. It is a network-based electronic financial, business card transaction for all types of electronic tools and media. Electronic payment system is the basis for inline payments, and online payment system development is a higher form of electronic payment. The common electronic payment systems are Internet Bank Card Payment System, E-Cash Payment System, E-Purse Internet Payment System, and E-Check Payment System. Cloud computing is defined as a model for enabling convenient on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Affermative Action Essays - Discrimination, Social Inequality

Affermative Action Considering the subject of affirmative action the following questions frequently are raised: Is there a clear understanding of affirmative action roles/goals? What are the pros/cons of these programs? What are the loop holes in the system? Does seniority play a role in affirmative action? Addressing these key questions may help us all in our daily routine, as administrators and/or potential administrator in the public/private sector. Affirmative action programs throughout the United States have long been a controversial issue particularly concerning employment practices (public/private) and university student and/or staff recruitment. Most public agencies have some type of instituted affirmative action program. According to Cheryl Perry-League, Director of Equal Opportunity of the Port of Oakland, every business operating on Port of Oakland owned land must have a standing affirmative action program on record and businesses bidding to do work for the Port of Oakland must have an accep tably diverse workforce. BACKGROUND To understand the role and/or goals of affirmative actions programs we should define what the broad definition of what affirmative action is and what caused its development. The phase affirmative action was used in a racial discrimination context. Executive Order No. 10,925 issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The order indicated that federal contractors should take affirmative action to ensure job applicants and employees are treated without regard to their race, creed, or national origin. A person could define this statement as an order to imply equal access and nothing else. Subsequently, Executive Order 11246 issued by President Johnson in September 1965, mandated affirmative action goals for all federally funded programs and moved monitoring and enforcement of affirmative action programs out of the White House and into the Labor Department. Affirmative action refers to various efforts to deliberately take race, sex, and national origi ns into account to remedy past and current effects of discrimination. Its primary goal is to ensure that women and minorities are widely represented in all occupations and at all organizational levels (Tompkins, 1995, p.161). Another definition of affirmative action according to Barbara Bergmann is planning and acting to end the absence of certain kinds of people-those who belong to groups that have been subordinated or left out-from certain jobs and schools (1997 p.7). Tracing the history of affirmative action, laws against racial discrimination have proved inadequate for workplace integration because they often provide remedies only after the fact. Affirmative action requires proactive steps to provide equal opportunities in employment as well as access to education. Many affirmative action programs were born from Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII references to affirmative action programs were brought about because of the history of discrimination in the United States, certain groups are viewed as disadvantage in the current marketplace. Thus affirmative action laws impose temporary requirements to correct underutilization of these groups (e.g., goals and timetables for increasing the number of minorities and women in a facility) (Gutman, 1993, p.9). Prior to these laws and the Title VII law, the U.S workforce was primarily dominated by white males. Although, still somewhat white male dominated, quotas that were designed through affirmative action programs have helped achieve some representation of women and minorities in the current work force. Some remedies brought about through affirmative action programs include goal setting, quotas, and timetables. GOALS AND QUOTAS The term goal refers to specific outcomes which, when achieved, will result in equal employment opportunity and equitable representation (Hall & Albrecht, 1979, p.47-78). Goals and hiring quotas vary somewhat in their function. Goals generally are long range plans that orga nizations use and there are no expected minimum or maximum limitations. Quotas by comparison, establishes a definite number of people who must be hired. A Company cannot by law, use quotas unless it has been ordered to do so by a court to remedy a past action (Hall & Albrecht, 1979, p.47-78). Deficiency correction is the primary target of goal setting through affirmative action. For an organization to be effective with goals, they must be realistic, attainable, and monitored by the human resource department. Affirmative action programs generally achieve their set goals through several common practices called outreach programs. First, there are special recruiting programs where women and minorities will

Association in Java Definition and Examples

Association in Java Definition and Examples The association relationship indicates that a class knows about, and holds a reference to, another class. Associations can be described as a has-a relationship because the typical implementation in Java is through the use of an instance field. The relationship can be bi-directional with each class holding a reference to the other. Aggregation and composition are types of association relationships. Associations join one or more of one thing against one or more of another thing. A professor might be associated with a college course (a one-to-one relationship) but also with each student in her class (a one-to-many relationship). The students in one section might be associated with the students in another section of the same course (a many-to-many relationship) while all the sections of the course relate to a single course (a many-to-one relationship). Association Example Imagine a simple war game with an AntiAircraftGun class and a Bomber class. Both classes need to be aware of each other because they are designed to destroy each other: public class AntiAirCraftGun {   Ã‚  private Bomber target;   Ã‚  private int positionX;   Ã‚  private int positionY;   Ã‚  private int damage;   Ã‚  public void setTarget(Bomber newTarget)   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.target newTarget;   Ã‚  }   Ã‚  //rest of AntiAircraftGun class } public class Bomber {   Ã‚  private AntiAirCraftGun target;   Ã‚  private int positionX;   Ã‚  private int positionY;   Ã‚  private int damage;   Ã‚  public void setTarget(AntiAirCraftGun newTarget)   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.target newTarget;   Ã‚  }   Ã‚  //rest of Bomber class } The AntiAirCraftGun class has-a Bomber object and the Bomber class has-a AntiAirCraftGun object.

My plan & internship 1st week report (B) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My plan & internship 1st week report (B) - Essay Example My first week will be spent as a teller. This is a front liner job. To impress my supervisor and to do well as a teller, I will come to work early so that I have already familiarized myself with the job before the bank opens. I anticipate that there will be a system that will be used and I have to take time to learn it. Coming in early will help me learn it quickly. The rest of the three week period will be about customer service and this is where my supervisor and co-workers will be helpful. I will listen intently to what they have to teach me and observe them so that I can do customer service well. I will try to be as pleasant as possible to everybody. The internship went well but not without issues. I was however able to overcome the issues presented to me. I was nervous during the first few days because I was not familiar with bank operations. At first, I was hesitant to ask questions first because I was initially intimidated with my colleagues who seemed to be very busy all the time. I took initiative the initiative however to be confident enough to ask questions to my supervisor as well as my co-workers for me to learn about the job. It served me well during my first week as a teller because it was my adjustment period. The succeeding weeks was about customer service. During this time, I have to familiarize myself with the several systems that the bank used such as Phoenix, a system used for handling customer’s account information and lastly, QMATIC which puts order in servicing customers. These systems enable me to facilitate deposit and withdrawals, transfer money from one account to another, cash box at the end of the day as well as put order in the servicing of customers in the bank. Working in bank is not easy because it requires us to work fast without committing any errors. Thus I was told by my supervisor to learn time management to be able to service as many customers as possible

Enquiry Based Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enquiry Based Learning - Essay Example other sources. The group members were to meet in the next meeting with every member having researched enough /her area of allocation. The next meeting to be held on Monday of the coming week and all members left for the field. The main objective of the study is to identify the treatment measures of fatigue and the treatment strategies. It would also be important to hear from the patients of the causes of the disorder though it had already been covered in class. Presentation: Gertrude: have you noticed that most fatigue patients are women Or is that its women report the defect more frequently than men Debbie: I think more women report the disorder than men and in most cases reported the women are aged between 40 - 50 years. It does not get better with bed rest but gets worse with increased mental and physical activity. Petrina: (starting on the computer) most patients are reported to have had an infection such as flu, viral infection and after a long time of a lot of stress. Debbie: some cases have also been recorded after an of infection of the nervous system, lack of iron in the blood and low blood sugar, Gertrude: What are the main causes of the disease Maybe there are underlying causes which affect Mrs. White which we do not know. Debbie: Good idea, understand the cause will help in the treatment of other patients. Petrina: Gertrude, you wanted to go and join your fellow students; maybe you should go and see what is going on the main ward as we find more information for you. Gertrude: (leaving hurriedly) let me interact with the patients. I'll like to know more about their condition. Debbie: I hope we will find the right diagnosis for Mrs. White; she has...In general enquiry based learning avoids the spoon feeding kind of teaching experienced during lectures and reading lists but rather allows students to try theory they have learnt in class by themselves. The tutor takes a back seat and is only there to guide rather than dictate, the students split into groups and go to learn in they see best for them. The group members were to meet in the next meeting with every member having researched enough /her area of allocation. The next meeting to be held on Monday of the coming week and all members left for the field. The main objective of the study is to identify the treatment measures of fatigue and the treatment strategies. It would also be important to hear from the patients of the causes of the disorder though it had already been covered in class. Debbie: I think more women report the disorder than men and in most cases reported the women are aged between 40 - 50 years. It does not get better with bed rest but gets worse with increased mental and physical activity. Gertrude : really the disease seems to be complex I know now some causes which I had never imagined of before like lack of proper functioning of the immune system for example in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus and changes in the production levels of hormones produced mainly by the adrenal glands and the pituitary glands. Petrina: (walking into the visitors waiting r

Motivations for Mobile Phone Use in Rural and Urban Areas

Motivations for Mobile Phone Use in Rural and Urban Areas Acknowledgement I would first and foremost like to acknowledge the generosity of the villagers of Telav, Shela, Kaneti(Gujarat) and Amgachia(WB) who in spite of their busy life took time to let me understand their lives. I am also deeply indebted to Prof. Rajat Iyer and Prof. Arbind Sinha, Faculty MICA,for being a thesis guide in every sense of the word. I would also like to thank Mr Shailesh Yagnik, Librarian MICA, and all the library staff for their immense cooperation without which this might not have been possible. I would also like to thank Prof. Rajneesh Krishna for clarifying my doubts about various Market research tools and methodologies despite his busy scheduleand engagements. I would also like to thank Mr. Raj Kumar Jha,OM Outreach who shared with us valuable inputs in Rural marketing and inspired me to work on this topic. I would like to thank my parents who have been a constant source of inspiration for me and have held me through ups and downs in my life. I would also like to thank all my friends for helping me organise my thoughts,constant encouragement, sleepless nights and chota breaks. Thanks guys for giving me confidence to submit this document. Executive summary Today Mobile phones have made their presence felt not just in urban India but also in rural areas. This phenomenon has increased the scope of branding which most company considered a tough turf in rural India. Though it may seem a far-fetched idea currently but considering the giant leap the economies of developing nations like India is making, tapping of rural markets building brands for this market make sense. Innovative use of Mobile application is helping war torn Afghanistan fight corruption and elevate the standard of living of its people. Similarly in developing nations, application developed for local needs like M-Pesa in South Africa, Pesapal in Kenya are finding consumers and helping the brands make an impact. Study in the past conducted in various geographies have developed model for either urban consumer or directly generalized model for mobile marketing. From the literature review few factors were derived for mobile advertising like (1) utility, (2) context, (3) control, (4) sacrifice, and (5) trust. My study aims to works on these parameters, but specifically on rural India to find out attitude and behavioral implication of mobile advertising. The study also includes technology barriers advancement in India and barriers related to social implication in rural areas like language and cultural difference. For the purpose of the study a qualitative research has been commissioned across two regions – Gujarat and West Bengal. This was a contrasting study to find out the motivation underlying the use of mobile phones and the prospect of mobile marketing across two extreme geographies since West Bengal is one of the least mobile savvy state whereas Gujarat has one of the highest mobile phone users. Focus group discussion depth interviews with the help of projective techniques revealed the underlying motivation for using mobile marketing. It mainly reinforced the fact that while rural consumer do not want intrusion in their life they are willing to open up the space for better living standards. Hence the desire to gain knowledge and make money to elevate the living standards was of prime importance. The study also reveals certain limitation to mobile advertising which has to be kept in mind while designing any mobile marketing campaigns. Finally the study proposes a framework to facilitate acceptance of mobile marketing message among consumer and maximize marketing objective of brands, which outlined as follow 1. Collaborate with Service providers It is a win-win situation for the service providers as well as the marketers and not to forget the consumer, if the contextual targeting of advertising is maintained. 2. Precision targeting It is rewarding for advertiser since they are able to overcome the challenge of predicting whos on the other side of a product or service purchase and target them with brands according to the demographics 3. Develop content relevant for the consumers in collaboration with Media agencies Develop content of significant importance by understanding the day to day life of rural consumer e.g. the language assistance application which has the potential to become a way of life for the consumer and then only can a brand reach the stage of resonance in the mind of rural consumer As a concluding note, this conceptual study offers to provide a discussion on how mobile advertising might subsidize wireless infrastructure growth among underprivileged societies and allow marketers to target more specifically the consumer in media dark region. Also with the collaboration of private partners the social development in rural areas with the help of mobile communication will be faster. Marketers can increase their consumer base by targeting the huge potential at the bottom of pyramid and hence increase their bottom line significantly as well as deliver to their promise of corporate social responsibility. Introduction C. K. Prahlad in his book â€Å"The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid† says, â€Å"If we stop thinking of the poor as victims or as a burden and start recognizing them as resilient and creative entrepreneurs and value-conscious consumers, a whole new world of opportunity will open up†. This statement has been taken to like a gospel truth by marketers in India and many are now trying hard to target this untapped potential. India is a country of 1.13 billion, out of which 70% of the people are living in the rural India. The marketers all around the world interested in India are becoming more curious to explore the rural potential. With 128 million households, the rural population is 3 times the urban. As a result of rural affluence, fuelled by good monsoon and the increase in agriculture to 200 million tones, the rural India has large consuming class of 41% of middle class and8 58% of the total disposable income. The Census of India defines Rural India as anything which is not urban. Village is defined as a basic unit for the rural areas is the revenue village, might comprise several hamlets demarcated by physical boundaries. Thus a Rural is defined when it meets the following criteria Minimum Population Population density 25% of the male population engaged in agricultural activity Reserve Bank of India defines rural as ‘Locations with population up to 10,000 will be considered as rural and 10,000 to 100,000 as semi-urban. Similarly NABARD, Planning Commission, Sahara also define the villages on population criteria. As mentioned in The Rural Marketing Book, Pradeep Kashyap and Siddhartha Raut (ed.2008), the rural economy has seen tremendous growth since 1990s because of thirteen consecutive good monsoons. This various radical changes in rural market has been testimonial to this development, some of them are as follows; There has been a 600% increase in the outlay of rural development programmes in the five year plans from Eighth to Tenth Five year plan. 41 million Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) has been issued since the inception of the scheme amounting to a total of Rs. 97,700 crore of cumulative credit. The number of KCC issued is more than the 40 million credit-plus-debit cards issued in urban India. Also a 230% increase in the flow of institutional credit for agriculture from 1997-98 to 2004-05 has been registered. Today Mobile phones are ubiquitous not just in urban India but also in rural areas. This phenomenon has increased the scope of branding which most company considered a tough turf in rural India. Though it may seem a far-fetched idea currently but considering the giant leap the economies of developing nations like India is making, tapping of rural markets building brands for this market make sense. There is virtually no branding effort in these areas so a scope for brand salience resonance doesnt increase. Mostly brands in these areas right now are competing on price points which will cease to exist as differentiator as customer becomes more evolved bestowed with financial prowess. But there seem to be branding efforts from the marketers viewpoint and also there is some franchise on factors other than price from the consumer view. A lot of work in the field of mobile telephony has been going around e.g. A team of MIT Media Labs Next Billion Network participants next generation of tech movers and shakers- who are building technologies to help people in the developing nation to raise their incomes, learn to read, get where theyre going, and diagnose their health. (david-chandler, july-2-2009) Innovative use of Mobile application is helping war torn Afghanistan fight corruption and elevate the standard of living of its people as depicted in the following new report. (Loyn, 2009) Nokia have also felt the rural potential and developed product consumer in those regions. Even their communication for the Model 1100 has been specifically targeted at the rural audience fully portraying the need in the rural settings. (Banerjee Sangameshwaran, 2009) Also the value of VAS industry is estimated to be Rs.16500 crores by 2010 according to a research by RNCOS, with expansion into rural markets where more services in banking, gaming data and TV segment will be seen. (Mobile VAS to Drive Telecom Growth, 2009). Thus the future of mobile marketing looks optimistic and with rural economies building into a sustainable model, marketers have to no longer think about the return on marketing investment. Literature review In the following literature review, I have reviewed the various published articles white papers from journals, books Reports. First I have looked into the knowledge created on rural marketing it implication, in this domain a lot of work has been done with a global perspective and quite a few with the Indian market in viewpoint. Rural Marketing its Implication Some of the studies are regularly published in the Journal of Rural Marketing by RMAAI to help marketers keep track of updates in rural market. A study on evolution of rural consumerism conducted by Hansa Research reveals the rural consumption pattern over a period of five years i.e. 2000 to 2005. The study has data on three levels i.e. exposure in terms of communication and education, consumption of several categories of products and distribution of these products. According to the report shampoo consumption in rural India has increased from 13.9 % in 2000 to 31.9 % in 2005. (The Rural Marketing Journal of RMAAI, 2007) Dr. Vinod Kumar Bishnoi and Bharti of Haryana School of Business have done a research paper on Awareness Consumption Pattern of Rural Consumers towards home and personal care products. The paper contains details on awareness and usage of brands in rural areas. It also tries to find out the motives and factors behind brand choice, the sources of information and to measure any association between demographics and brand choice. Regarding motives and factors behind brand choice, Bishnoi and Bharti say that rural consumers purchase a product mostly for its utilitarian value rather than the peripheral values. Consumers tend to stick to the brand once they are satisfied with it. The brand loyalty in this case is unusually high even though consumers switch FMCG brands very frequently. The rural consumer is also very quality conscious. Advertising and retailers advice play a major role in decision making. The consumer is also a little cautious with price levels. The study also reveals that there is clear association between income level and expenditure habits in these products. The primary source of information about brands is television. Retailer, newspaper and radio are other prominent sources. As Bishnoi and Bharti highlighted in their paper some very interesting aspects, that whatever is the leading brand in all the products that remains leading irrespective of any demographic variable be it income, education , age or gender. This might be explained by the fact that the family structure in rural India is such that that several people of various education and age group stay together. The contemporary media scenario in India is marked by a frenetic proliferation of television channels, FM radio stations, daily newspapers, mobile telephony and digital media. Despite this situation, as the following article argues, the poor while highly visible almost everywhere in urban and rural India remain, ‘invisible in the nations mass media. (Kumar, Jan 2008) To successfully market products in rural areas, distribution is a critical barrier which needs to be overcome. An understanding of the structure of distribution in rural areas would help in the development of an efficient distribution system. The paper after a thorough literature review proposes a conceptual framework which identifies the drivers of the structure of distribution in rural areas. (Rajesh L. K., January June, 2005) The paper discusses the need for strengthening marketing efforts in rural India. The author mentions about the rural network, whose basic objective is to try and get clients who are looking for a national strategy in rural marketing and provide help in implementing such plans across different regions with the local expertise. The paper also deals with instances on how marketers aiming to target their brand commercials to both urban and rural audiences are required to do well to pre-test the spots and that the spots communicate what is intended for the targeted viewers, thus providing the basis that there is a huge difference in rural urban consumer and they have to be dealt with differently (Rajan, 2005) The second stage of my literature reviews knowledge on the mobile telephony- the development with respect to marketing, the intention in developing VAS, user perception of mobile marketing, the obstacle barriers to mobile marketing. Carter in the journal of Mobile marketing defines mobile telephony as a set of buzz words like Mobile marketing, mobile advertising and m-commerce. He examines the Generation Y, the generational cohort born between 1979 and 1994, which researchers think will change the marketing landscape forever. This paper addresses some of the many issues and opportunities that may affect marketers abilities to reach Generation Y African-American mobile consumers. (Carter, June 2008) Another journal in mobile marketing reveals that empirical studies have been limited to exploring consumer justifications for accepting or rejecting cell phone advertising on either a speculative basis among possible mobile marketing users, or a post hoc basis among those who had already chosen to receive cell phone advertising. This research explored consumer justifications in the context of a field test, in which mobile phone users were offered subscriptions to a mobile phone text based advertising program. Thus found out that among acceptors information benefits of cell phone advertising was prime due to positive attitude towards information entertainment. While for the rejecters the perception of having to pay for advertising was enough to discourage participation. (Newell Meier, Dec 2007) This journal examines the drivers of consumer acceptance of SMS-based mobile advertising. A conceptual model and hypotheses are tested with a sample of 4,062 Finnish mobile phone users. Structural equation modeling is used to test five drivers of mobile advertising acceptance: (1) utility, (2) context, (3) control, (4) sacrifice, and (5) trust. The results show that utility and context are the strongest positive drivers, while sacrifice is negatively related to the acceptance of mobile advertising. Thus marketers should pay particular attention to the utility and relevancy of mobile advertising messages. (Merisavo, Kajalo, Karjaluoto, Virtanen, Salmenkivi) Mobile Marketing I have reviewed the various application of mobile telephony and the consumer perception towards mobile marketing in particular and mobile application in general. Also innovation from companies for rural consumer were of considerable significance as firms like Nokia had earlier launched a basic handset with a torch (large parts of rural India dont have electricity) and an alarm clock. In another paper, an instrument for measuring attitudes toward mobile advertising is developed. The results of a survey indicate that (1) consumers generally have negative attitudes toward mobile advertising unless they have specifically consented to it, and (2) there is a direct relationship between consumer attitudes and consumer behavior. Hence concluded that it is not a good idea to send SMS advertisements to potential customers without permission. Their attitudes were favorable if advertisements were sent with permission. This implies that permission-based advertising may become a major mechanism in the mobile environment in the future. The research notably points out relationship between attitude, intention and acceptability of Mobile advertising through empirical study. The respondents were more willing to accept incentive based mobile advertising. Finally, intention significantly affected how and when the respondents read the message. (M. Tsang, Ho, Ting-Peng, 2004) Although mobile phones have been shown to be highly effective as education content delivery mechanisms, underlying handset and subscription costs have limited their usefulness in many underprivileged countries. Thus the author proposes a model where education content can be subsidized by mobile advertising and a business model is developed where sellers is able to communicate to buyers in their native tongue and vice-versa in order to close transactions. The paper touches on many key issues that are determining the mobile marketing sector. The mobile dam is about to burst and marketers have to be prepared for this through well developed and formulated ethical strategies. Customers will have to be gently cajoled and locked into useful market applications. (Ranchhod, June 2007) Impact of Technology in Marketing The article â€Å"The Missing link-Why mobile marketing is different† is rich with illustrations, examples and detailed footnotes, includes a thorough discussion on how marketing, technology, and business practices and models have matured and converged over time to make the medium what it is today. He discusses the impact network migration from 2G to 3G, globalization, the changes in marketing practices, and the value system have had on mobile marketing practices. He suggests that we need to focus on developing successful revenue models, create favorable conditions for relationship marketing and long term-dialog amongst the players in the industry, and that we must have a global mindset and to put aside any not-invent-here mentalities. (Steinbock, June 2006) Again in the paper stresses on the increasingly complex and demanding customers as ICT developments becomes rapid and marketers start coping with highly demanding customer who require extraordinary experiences and highly user-friendly service interfaces particularly in technology services, such as mobile marketing (as illustrated in the Figure below). (Steinbock, June 2006) Rationale/Information Gap The rural market works on 4 As i.e. Accessibility, Affordability, Acceptability and Awareness and the traditional four Ps of marketing cease to exist in this scenario. There is a presence of huge potential in rural India but at the same time there is a lot of obstacle faced venturing into these markets. Low per capita disposable incomes, large number of daily wage earners, acute dependence on vagaries of monsoon, seasonal consumption linked to harvest festivals and special occasion, poor roads power problems and inaccessibility of conventional advertising media. As much as there is potential, there is also a good amount of ambiguity on how to create brand salience in these markets. In such situation marketers who see huge potential in rural market with around 700 million consumers, everyone would like to take its brand to the next level of brand salience resonance. Hence with increased penetration of mobile phones there has been more chance of mobile communication entering the media dark region. It may seem farfetched as an idea to brand product for rural consumer when presently we think that rural consumer stress on affordability. Much has been written about rural marketing, the consumption patterns, attitudes behavior of rural consumer in India and Mobile marketing in isolation but the whole perspective of mobile marketing for rural India is not covered in the literatures. Therefore this study aims to look at the future prospects of mobile telephony as a means to communicate brand promotion and create a brand resonance with the rural consumer. Research Objectives Objectives are as follows; To find out the present usage of mobile telephony among rural users and their perception of brands using mobile marketing To find out the technology/language barriers in implementing branding activities in the rural environment The objectives will aim to find out what are the technology barriers, governments policies and technological advances for the implementation development of mobile application to facilitate interactive marketing. It also aims to understand the acceptability of technology in the rural environment and the language barrier, since most of the rural India has lower literacy rate and use local languages as means of communication is prevalent. The second objective aims to find out the acceptability of mobile marketing in the rural context and how will it affect a brand. We intend to discover whether the consumer reacts to marketing communication over mobile phone in positive manner and how will it affect the purchase intention of the brand. Approach Secondary Research: Present and future platforms/technology which makes mobile telephony ubiquitous for Rural India Studying the branding marketing efforts of companies for rural India, the number of companies interested in marketing branding their products for rural India Primary Research: Qualitative research is applied to understand the consumer perception in rural India while using mobile telephony. This is done in two stages; Focus group discussion with rural respondents Depth interviews with rural respondents Depth Interviews with marketers after the FGDs/DIs The TG of the study is defined as: Age: above 15 SEC RI, R2, R3 Location: West Bengal, Gujarat Gender: Males Females Presumption is that the decision makers in rural India are generally the head of the family, who is the male member. Also the same holds true for mobile users, though a considerable amount of women these days are using mobile phones too. So I have conducted FGDs across all age group for the male sample size. Each FGD had people from the same caste same gender to maintain cohesion focus in the discussion. West Bengal has the least mobile phone user whereas Gujarat is one of the highest mobile phone users. Hence its a contrasting study to find out the motivation underlying the use of mobile phones and the prospect of mobile marketing. The following table represents the No. of users in Gujarat and West Bengal. 2 focus group discussion in each location i.e. Gujarat and West Bengal Five depth interviews in each location Interviews with marketers after the FGDs Profile of respondents: All respondent must be using mobile telephones in daily basis Should be literate with primary school education Secondary research From being charged for incoming calls to getting paid for calls you receive and then a pay per second regime, Indian wireless telephony has come a long way. India has one of the biggest telecom markets in the world. It has the third-largest telecom network in the world and second-largest among the emerging economies. The Indian telecom industry generated revenues of approximately US$ 32 billion in 2007–08 with a growth rate of 60 per cent over 2006–07. It witnessed a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 29 per cent from 2002–03 to 2007–08. Total telecom subscribers – 545.05 million (January 2010) Teledensity – 43.50 (September 2009) Addition of mobile subscribers (July–August 2009) – 15.08 million Annual growth rate of telecom subscribers (June 2008–June 2009) – 42.68 per cent Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) for GSM (as on 30 June 2009) – US$ 3.80 The wireless subscriber base increased from 535.15 million in December 2009 to 545.05 million at the end of January this year for a monthly growth rate of 3.79 per cent. The wireless density in the country now stands at 46.37. It grew at a CAGR of 45.21 per cent from June 2004 to June 2009. The handset market in India, consisting of mobile and fixed handsets, registered an overall growth of 5.8 percent from 2007-08 to 2008-09. (India, 2009) The value added service (VAS) market in India has a great potential for growth and revenue from this growth potential is expected to reach above INR 250 billion by the year 2009-10 and more than 30% of the revenue of the telecom access service providers in the next 5-7 years. The VAS industry in India generated revenue of US$ 1.2 billion in 2007–08 and is expected to reach US$ 4.0 billion by 2015. Top 11 Wireless Operators in the country: (September 2009) (India, 2009) Among the wireless service providers, Tata had a 14.97 % share of the net additions during January, followed by Bharti Airtel with 14.31 %, Reliance 14.08 %, Vodafone 13.78 %, Idea 11.42 %, BSNL 11.29 %, Aircel 10.10 %, Uninor 6.68 %, Stel 1.83 %, Sistema 1.07 %, Loop 0.26 % and MTNL 0.23 %. Market share of top 12 operators: Bharti Airtel had a market share of 22.33 per cent, followed by Reliance with 17.72 %, Vodafone 17.27 %, BSNL 11.95 %, Tata 11.07 %, Idea 10.99 %, Aircel 6.06 %, MTNL 0.90 %, Sistema 0.60 %, Loop 0.50 %, Uninor 0.47 %, Stel 0.09 % and HFCL 0.06 %. Present technology in India GSM has a market share of ~75% out of the 500 million wireless subscribers Reliance has registered a 6.73 % market share which is quite impressive for service which was launched only 6 months ago. CDMA subscribers are at 94.5 million and here is how they are split: Tata Teleservices which launched its GSM operations under brand name Tata DoCoMo will be another player to look out for in the next few quarters. Unitech Wireless has launched its services in 2009 and has a subscriber base of 2.5 million as of Jan 2010. New entrant S Tel added 0.22 million subscribers to take its subscriber base to 0.36 million. Reliance rules CDMA followed by Tata Teleservices (Tata Indicom). Shyam telelink has rebranded to MTS India has a subscriber base of 3.5 million (as of Jan 2010). CDMA doesnt look as much over-crowded as GSM but when put together the overall picture of Indian telecom looks crowded with 12 operators and 3 waiting in the wings. Reliance and Tata are the 2 companies to watch out for with the dual play of GSM and CDMA operations. The average revenue per user of CDMA is 99 rupees and that of GSM is 205 rupees. With 3 new players coming in for GSM the ARPUs will come down. CDMA which is supposed to be a better network for data access can use this opportunity to increase the ARPUs and subscribers. It just has to sort out the handset availability issue. (India, 2009) Penetration in Rural India As on 31st September 2009, out of the total 500 million subscribers, the rural subscribers contribute 151.8 million, comprising of 10.13 million wireline and 141 million wireless. The Rural teledensity as on September 2009 was 18.46% as compared to 9.20% during the previous year in March08. Subscription in Urban Areas grew from 328.55 Million in Jun-09 to 357.22 Million in Sep-09, taking the urban Teledensity to 102.79. Rural subscription increased from 136.27 Million to 151.81 Million, taking the Rural Teledensity from 16.61 in Jun-09 to 18.46 at the end of Sep-09. Total Wireless (GSM + CDMA) subscriber base increased from 427.29 Million at the end of June-09 to 471.73 Million at the end of Sept-09, thereby showing a growth of 10.4%. During this quarter 44.43 million subscribers were added. Wireless Teledensity increased from 36.64 at the end of June-09 to 40.31 at the end of Sept-09. Rural subscription (12.5%) has been growing at a faster rate than Urban (9.5%). The share of rural wireless subscription is 30% in total wireless subscription. Overall rate of growth of Wireless Subscription in QE Sept-09 (10.40%) is higher as compared to previous quarter (9.07%). Higher growth rate could mainly be attributed to the launch of GSM services by Tata Teleservices Limited across service areas. Future Developments Technologies in India WiMax stand for â€Å"Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access† is a standard-based wireless technology that allows broadband connections over long distances. The Economic Times, citing a study by US market research firm Strategy Analytics, reports that India will become the largest WiMAX market in the Asia-Pacific by 2013. The study forecasts that consumer subscriptions in the developing Asian countries will grow at a compound rate of 132% through 2013, with the subscriber base reaching almost 27 million in that year.Most emerging markets WiMAX providers will launch their initial services in major urban areas, to take advantage of concentrations of existing Internet users with purchasing power. However, over the longer term the most rapid growth is expected to be in second-tier cities and in rural areas, where there is substantially less competition from incumbent broadband suppliers.(Study Predicts India to be Largest WiMAX market in Asia Pacific by 2013, 2010) BSNL, HCL Infosystems Ltd and Intel Corp. have started a series of wide-reaching initiatives to spur economic and educational opportunities in India by expanding access to wireless broadband Internet and affordable computers. This is in support of the India governments Bharat Nirman rural development agenda. Intel and BSNL will jointly propagate wireless broadband Internet in what is intended to ultimately become a nationwide mobile WiMAX network. BSNL will also work with the two to make available in rural India WiMAX-capable nettop computers designed by the two companies and made in India by HCL using the Intel atom processor. Despite spectrum auction delays and other bureaucracy, India is set to be the biggest base on earth for WiMAX by 2012, and state-owned carrier BSNL, which has pre-auction access to its spectrum, has gone live with the countrys first Mobile WiMAX network. BSNL has two parallel projects, one for rural areas and one for metro networks kicked started by Minister Sachin Pilot. BSNL intends to usher in a new era of growth in rural areas by offering a broadband speed of 7Mbps at a distance of 15 kilometers. WiMax plans to bring to the underserved communities several key applications to meet the Indian governments target to reduce the countrys woeful levels of broadband penetration. Some of them will include; Utility bill payments Issue of official